Inclusion and Diversity

In the past, research centred on work-group diversity, but recent studies indicate that management scholars have shifted their attention to inclusion. Consequently, several literatures have been developed on this topic. Even so, a lot needs to be done including the definition of the term. In my view, inclusion is extending our boundaries and embracing people of diverse backgrounds and experiences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Inclusion and Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through inclusion, we accommodate those who have been historically rejected. The act of diversity has been used in the past to refer to numbers of different kinds people in the labour force as a whole. In my opinion, diversity includes the entire range of primary aspect of an individual. Diversity and inclusion is an important recipe of a long lasting successful organisation. In an organisation, diversity comprises many dimensions o utside gender and race. Therefore, age, disability, ethnicity, religion and sexual orientation cover diversity. Secondary, the aspects of diversity include work and communication style, economic status, organizational role and geographical origin. Embracing diversity in an organization enhances personal productivity, organisational efficiency and continued competitiveness. There are several models of diversity in an organisation. These include race, ethnicity, gender, age, disability, cultural and origin, and sexual orientation diversity. Intersectionality embraces that these classical models, do not act without the help of one another. Instead, they correlate. Research has shown that younger men get more promotions in old type industries while younger women get more promotion in young type industries (Stockdale, 2004). Additionally, there is a difference in pay rates of women and minority group members compared to white men (Miller, 2002). Such studies indicate how age norms intera ct with other forms of diversity to manipulate opportunities of individuals. Similarly, race and disability have affected how situational and individual disparity variables sway decision makers’ reactions to candidates who exhibit numerous diversities. For an organisation to maximise the operation of its human capital, it must go beyond merely creating more varied workplace. This is evidenced from various positive effects of diversity experienced when an organisation embraces diversity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today, firms have realized that through diversity, organisational effectiveness is enhanced. For example, diversity improves creativity and innovation resulting in new products and services meeting the customers’ expectations. Consequently, a better teamwork is established through diversity when interaction between diverse workforces occurs leadin g to productive ideas in an organisation. Moreover, a better image of a company is achieved in the end. This enhances growth of particular company as it reduces talent crunch by targeting varied groups. Effective and happy workforce is ultimately achieved hence increased output due the contentment workers enjoy on being treated fairly, valued equally and given dignity at workplaces. In addition, workers will reduce absenteeism and unnecessary frustration due to discriminatory. Hence, a company can reap benefits particularly in terms of improved recruitment and withholding among talented workforce. For one to establish an inclusive organisation, a dedicated undertaking is essential. Primarily, an organisation should develop its qualities. This is achieved by creating a sense of identity inclusive of everyone in an organisation. However, it should be particular enough to separate your firm from the others. Consequently, top management should be committed to diversity in that they shou ld have plans to draw and preserve more diversity. Moreover, these plans should be reviewed occasionally and proven successful. Furthermore, equality in an organisation should be prioritised. Demonstrating equality means rewarding and recognizing best performers at all stages of the organisation, and not just higher management. A collaborative work environment should also be encouraged since it focuses on teamwork and encourages all employees to work together. This is promoted through assigning projects with diverse individuals and rewarding group efforts. Developing Individual traits in an organisation is an essential tool for an inclusive and effective organisation. This is achieved through focusing on people and acknowledging that they will make mistakes. In addition, the existence of personal conflicts in the workforce should be acknowledged.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Inclusion and Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, workers should be encouraged to discuss arising issues among themselves. Individual’s reports or complaints should be given immediate attention and feedback should be channelled in time. Workers should also discuss freely issues regarding the company with the managers for effective recommendation. Legally, US employers are barred from giving race or ethnicity consideration in the workplace in all the institutions. These include hiring, promotions and assigning employees. Therefore, organizations must provide equal employment opportunities in order to comply with such laws. Through education, the social community has learnt to embrace diversity since more people have learned to appreciate other individual’s differences for the common good. To become a champion of inclusion and diversity I would come up with the best strategies in my workforce. Through training and awareness building programs, my employees will understand the usefulness and meaning of managing and valuing diversity and inclusion. Consequently, regular education will ensure that my workforce learns about appreciating their cultural differences, methods of responding to discrimination in workplace, skills needed for working in diverse work teams and improving workers awareness on the cultural diversity within our organisation. To incorporate lessons from this course in my daily live, I will focus on strategies and policies that encourage diversity and inclusion in business organisation. Primarily, I must make sure that my organisational culture and setting supports diversity before employing various candidates. Respecting the workers differences would be beneficial to our organisation as this will create a competitive edge increasing productivity. Since our workforce comprises of diverse cultures, it will be my responsibility to educate my employees on the need to adapt to a diverse workforce.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Miller, F. A., Katz, J. H. (2002). The inclusion breakthrough: unleashing the real power of diversity. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler. Stockdale, M. S., Crosby, F. J. (2004). The psychology and management of workplace diversity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.. This essay on Inclusion and Diversity was written and submitted by user Nathalie Mercado to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Childrens Depression Inventory Article Analysis

Childrens Depression Inventory Article Analysis Depression is a well-known emotional disorder that is characterized by feelings ranging from overwhelming guilt, fatigue, and social withdrawal, to irritability, abuse, and at times suicidal behaviors (Luby, 2009). Depression is not bound by age, gender, or ethnicity. Research shows that in the month of August 2009, approximately 15% of children under the age of six suffer from exceptionally high anxiety and depression levels (Jarvis, 2009). The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) is a test often used by counselors and psychologists to assess an adolescent's symptoms of depression. Within this paper, several articles regarding the results of CDI tests will be discussed. These selected articles will also be compared, to illustrate how the results may be achieved during practical application. Furthermore, the qualifications required for administering and interpreting the CDI will be determined. Finally, the populations for which the psychological measure is valid and invalid will be distinguished, in efforts of establishing the boundaries of this psychological assessment.English: Milwaukee, Wisconsin The Milwaukee Public...Article Concerning Childhood Depression in GreeceThe first article that concerns the use of the CDI examines children with depression living in Greece. Screening for Children's Depression Symptoms in Greece, by G. Giannakopoulos (2009), gives a global perspective of the 21st century's concern with depressed youth. This article also delves into how the test's measurements are attained, and in which settings optimal results can be achieve. The setting illustrated by Giannakopoulos (2009) suggests that an academic or counseling atmosphere would be most appropriate for performing this psychological measure, and in evaluating the projected outcome. The results of this article's assessment state that depressive symptoms were being measured in children from ages 8-12, with cutoff ages above 19 or below 13 (Giannakopoulos, 2009). These findings were much lower than the studies concerning alternate countries (Giannakopoulos, 2009).The results of the CDI's 27 item questionnaire possess...

Foreign Policy and the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Policy and the Middle East - Essay Example ng a permanent American force to remain in the country in so that it could maintain order and secure the gains that many American servicemen had died for. Furthermore, Republicans believe that in matters concerning conflicts in the Middle East, such as the ongoing Syrian civil war, it is essential for the United States to become actively involved in the overthrow of the Assad regime and replacing it with one which favors America. These policies are a direct opposite of those which the Democrats stand for, with the latter preferring a more subtle American approach to foreign policy where diplomacy is given precedence (Mostofi 227). The withdrawal of American troops from the Middle East is a step towards reducing the risk posed to the country. Furthermore, through the use of drone technology, it has become possible to fight terrorists without having to bring in troops to combat them. Therefore, according to the Democrats, American role in the Middle East should be limited to partnershi ps with its allies rather than on direct intervention in internal affairs of the countries in the region. Withdrawal of forces from the Middle East by the Obama administration is a move designed to ensure that the country remains safer. It is certain that United States spent billions of dollars and lost many servicemen in the Middle East for the purpose of keeping their country safe. While this was the case, the Middle Eastern situation, especially in Iraq, instead of improving, became even worse ("Obama Commits to Troop Withdrawal from Iraq by 2011" 4). This was essentially because the American backed government became the oppressors of the minority Sunni population in Iraq and this created an environment ripe for sectarian violence. This forms of violence continued for years, this despite the presence of American troops. Therefore, the security of the nation was not helped in any way by the presence of troops in Iraq, hence justifications for the withdrawal. In addition, public

Leading Global Workforce Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Leading Global Workforce - Assignment Example Unlike the past era of unitary entrepreneurship practices, the present day business in the international level requires a wide range of resources and quality management to ensure profitable business. Globalization has opened the doors for investors to set up their business at preferred locations without the worries about conventional barriers of language, culture and political differences as experienced in the past. As a result, more and more companies are coming forward with their share of interest in the international economic arena and are enthusiastic to experiment all possible methods to expand their business across potential regions of the world. Even though outsourcing provides a lot of opportunities to the leaders to find and test new talents at regular intervals, it carries the risk of inconsistent performance challenge at the macro level. As Hook (n.d.) points out, the new observations of business focus on outsourcing much beyond the traditional cost-cutting benefit and fin d it as a strategic device to ensure forceful impact on economic stability and growth. As a result, the companies in America have shown a steady growth in the share of their investment in outsourcing during the past two decades. By realizing the fact that the core competency of the company’s outsourced human resource depends upon its capacity to produce the quality result within the stipulated time, managers can convert outsourcing for competitive advantage. According to Forbes report by Mourdoukoutas (2011), the instability concern about outsourcing is primarily due to the unlimited expansion possibilities before companies to find new resource destinations, which eventually creates fear among the existing employees. Thus the insertion of vision and virtues of loyalty and relationship values can guarantee the success of outsourcing to a great extent. Outsourcing is vulnerable to operational issues such as differences due to changing managerial standards, chances of

Management Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Theory - Assignment Example Management is of fundamental value to companies. Every organization is concerned with planning to get things done, organizing the business to ensure efficient and effective operations and motivate employees as well as develop a vision for everyone to work on (Williams, 2009). Finally, the need for having controls in place is high as the goals that have been set must be monitored and their fulfillment must be measured. Therefore, management is quintessential in making businesses successful as well as ensuring smooth sailing once that success has been achieved. The significance of management can be ascertained from the fact that businesses spend millions on hiring management consultants to guide them on effective management practices (Williams, 2009). These consultants offer insights as to how managers can lead people effectively, motivate them, deal with various people related issues and manage complex projects. Management, therefore, is the art of getting work accomplished through ot hers. Successful managers may often not be experts themselves but know how get work done through other experts. For instance, the manager of the car plant at General Motors narrated how he has never made a car part in his life and how this is not his job(Williams, 2009). He further explained how, as a manager, his role was to create an environment conducive for people to make these parts efficiently while at the same time staying motivated with their work. On the other hand, however, this conventional view has been contradicted by leaders such as Steve Jobs who not only got work done through people but was actively involved in the technical aspects of the work (Greengard, 2011). Furthermore, good managers and leaders have often been associated with organizational success. One such example is that of Apple which experienced transformational growth and recognition during the tenure of Steve Jobs. It is not surprising, therefore, that Apple’s stock took a leap from $10 to $400 ( CNN Money, n.d.) during his leadership and that all major innovations including iPod, iPhone and iPad were introduced during his tenure. Furthermore, leaders and managers influence the performance of organizations by â€Å"leading by example† (Caldwell, 2004). Taken a step further, managers are responsible for managing the intellectual capital of firms which is exactly what Steve Jobs did (Prasad, 2011). By putting in proper mechanisms in place to unleash employee creativity, Jobs was able to exploit the untapped innovative potential of human resources and use it for the transformation of the company. This demonstrates just how important management is in the contemporary age of turbulent market changes and volatile business environment. Dealing with today’s customer-centric world requires organizations to manage the talents of employees in order to meet these needs. Companies whose management fails to keep pace with the changing environment and nature of work tend to s uffer. For instance, Deloitte’s study suggests the private sector of America is getting only a fraction of the return on assets that it achieved decades ago (Denning, 2011). This is due to managers failing to adapt to the changing envi

The Role Of Communications In An Organisation English Language Essay

The Role Of Communications In An Organisation English Language Essay Understanding the role of communications in an organization: 1.1: Explain the communication processes used within my organization (TESCO): Communication process is the process of sending data from one source to another intentionally with a meaning perceived by the receiver. If a company wants to survive in the industry then communication plays a vital role. Without proper communication no work can be completed successfully in organization. It is simply passing information from one to another. There are six basic elements of communication process which are sender (encoder), message, channel, receiver (decoder), noise, and feedback. Tesco uses modern communication process where ICT is vital.  Tesco controls and monitor their every aspect of their operation by using ICT, which includes stock, distribution, payroll, communication methods, and so on 1.2: Analyse the purpose of communication process used within TESCO: In Tesco communication helps to achieve its aims and objectives. Although it doesnt help to achieve all of the aims and objective still help to achieve their main aims and objectives such as To make profit To expand To provide good services to the customers To provides jobs Tesco advertise their product thorough brochures, Internet, television to inform people about their product rates and special offers at the stores at the time. Tesco spends lots of money to advertise their products and make sure that have reached their customers. This will attract more customers and enables Tesco to make a profit. Tesco advertises vacancies thorough Internet and newspaper and find a right person for the job to provide good services to the customers. If Tesco makes profit it will help them to expand and create more jobs so advertisements helps Tesco to achieve their aims and objectives such as making profit, expand and creating jobs. Tesco used costly and effective communication method such as demonstration, video in training so that the colleagues can be trained efficiently so they can provide good services to the customers. Tesco used to check their availability of product and order them at right time so they can provide better services. They do not want to disappoint the customers and they advertise their prospectus and advertise their financial performance to attract new shareholders so they can get more money, which will help them expand worldwide. Tesco need to communicate very well because they are running their business at international level. If business wants to expand worldwide or want to create new jobs they need to make profit. Tesco makes 3 million profits a day and serving more than billions of customers per week. Tesco need to check there expire dates and quality of their product so that their customers are not affected. Tesco arranges meeting with the staff so they can discuss and create new ideas and feedback about their services and Tesco used to communicates with customers and take their ideas and complaints to improve their services. Tesco uses to give written warning to their employees and the person who breaches the employment contract and they finally dismiss them they have written evidence and they can use it for future references and they employ the staff that can take care of their customers. Tesco uses overhead projector to analyse the profit forecast with the employees and accountant which is very expensive and Tesco used to arrange meetings with their senior manager so they can get a better decision and to solve problem and this will help them to make profit and expand. Tesco provide walkie-talkie to their security guard to protect their premise and customer belonging in the stores. Tesco use e-mails, mobile phones, and pager and fax to communicate within their employees to pass any urgent information in terms of emergencies such as break down of machines, raw materials needed this will help them to provide good services to the customers. Tesco writes letters to their customer about the nectar value or the amount due to them by the customers. Tesco prepares reports about the company legal obligations, which can be used for future references. 1.3: Analyse communication barriers in TESCO: There can be a few problems with the use of ICT in Tesco.   Faults of computers can slow down the processing systems, fraud can take place and the cost of ICT is very expensive.   But Tesco has the latest ICT equipment and is not getting any major problems.   There ICT system gives them the best support to meet its objectives. Tesco spent about  £133 million on ICT that is about 1.4% of their turnover, this clearly shows that ICT is a great success for the company and is fit for its purpose.  ICT is value for money and very effective in helping Tesco achieve its business objectives. Be able to manage interpersonal communication skills: 2.1 Auditing my Communication Skills: The communication skills that I am used to are: Tone/pitch, Slang, Pace, Gestures, Body language, Listening, Facial expression, Eye contact, Group interactions. 2.2: The use of my communication skills within organizational setting: My tone and pitch was appropriated I did not shout at of my client as this would make him/her angry or even intimidating to talk to me so I kept it at a level that he/she could hear me clearly. I did not used any slangs and jargon because my client may not of understand what I was say so he/she will be confused not only just my clients but others within the group also the only time it is appropriate for me to use slang is when I am talking with my friends. I used appropriate pace I did not talk to fast because people may not heard clearly what I was saying. In order to get my point across I talk slowly  and clearly to that my point could be heard. Gestures- I used appropriate gestures for the other to understand what I was trying to say. Adapted the used of Egan theory of SOLER which stands for Squarely, Open, Lean, Eye contact, Relaxed. I lean forward to show that I was interested in what he/she was saying I kept my contact and I also faced him/her squarely. I had to listen to wha t he/she was saying so that I can summarize my facial expression was welcoming I smiled at him/her to make him/her feel safe and felt I feeling of love and belonging according to Maslow hierarchy of needs I kept my eye contact on the person that was talking to show that I was listening. As I was a group interaction I gave other people time to talk I did not talk over anybody voice. In my group interaction with my client I appeared to be interested and kept good facial expressions.     One 2 one When talking to the child I used the correct tone I did not shout or this would make him angry to I get calmed I also talked slowly and clearly to he can hear what I was saying. I kept good eye contact with the child I listen to what he was saying and I ask him some open question so that he can express himself. I did not stand over him when I was talking or he may feel intimidating. I kept good facial expression mostly my smiling at him. I did not use any slangs or jargon just simple words that he may understand. I also incorporated Maslow by showing love, belonging and safety. I showed hid that he can come and talked to me without by afraid. I played with him nicely and made in happy so that he would know that he is in a safe environment. Care value base I did not shout at the person as they have the right to be treated with respect. I tried to empower them to make their own decision   I done this my asking the seven year old boy what he would like to do. I did not pass any racism comment or else I would be discriminating against their diversity being race religion culture etc. I also gave them the rights to their own beliefs I did not slag them off but I gave them the chance to explain themselves. I maintained confidentiality as this builds trust I done this by not passing important information about the clients to others and also it would breach the data protection act. 2.3: The effectiveness of my communication skills within organizational setting: Communication is the best tool by which a person can express and try to convey its point but it is not necessary that the receiver takes it in the right way as the sender must have perceived.   Why do we learn how to communicate effectively as poor communication and lack of communication skills can lead to misunderstandings, fights, low morale, arguments and change the perception of the audience or the receiver 2.4: A development plan to improve my own communication skills, using feedback from others: Successful communication is not about me and getting what I want; it is about discovering what other people want and need and then adapting my presentation to match their needs. As I practice and develop my skills, I find that people gladly  adopt my ideas because I have subtly helped them to discover them for themselves rather than telling them about them. To development plan to improve my own communication skills, using feedback from others I generally use the following process: Visual- use conversation to describe things check that spectacles are been worn help the person to touch things explain the detail sighted people take for granted Hearing- do not shout, speak normal and clear and make sure your face is visible so that those who can lip read are able to do so write message or use pictures check for hearing aid   Environmental- Check and improve the lighting Change to a quieter setting Work in smaller group if it would help you to see and hear each other more easily. Time- give people more time to talk and understand Be able to manage my workplace communications: 3.1: Improvements to my workplace communications: Improving communication can lead to healthier relationships and further motivation which is much needed in company. From what we can understand, it is hard to measure the motivation of the secretary, which appears quite low. Although it may seem like there are a lot of problems, many other issues are not; for example, poor language skills, hierarchy, and emotional interference. There are two main types of communication; formal and informal. It is important to know which to use for certain information. Formal communication runs through a procedure or protocol whereas informal is quite the opposite, where information is communicated through unreliable sources, such as the grapevine. Communication with the secretary seemed considerably informal; especially at times when it would have been more desirable to be formal. To ensure important information is carried through, it is highly recommended to be formal and use the right medium for communication. 3.2: Implementation of a plan to improve my workplace communications: To implement a plan to improve my workplace communications following are necessary: I believe there are more things to improve on in my group communication because sometimes it was a lot harder as there was more than one person. It was also harder because there was someone who is a resident and then there were 4 staff members between 20-35. There were a few barriers in this communication because we were outside and it was raining, everyone was cold and also we all had umbrellas covering our faces. My active listening sometimes wasnt very good because everyone was talking over one another, I think that if I had spoken up then I could of grasped what was getting said but because I was only there on placement I thought that I shouldnt but in although who I was talking to should have taken turns in speaking.    My eye contact sometimes wasnt very good because it was raining so there were umbrellas in the way of peoples faces and its harder to use eye contact within a group communication. The reason I didnt use much eye contact was because everyone was speaking over one another so I kept glancing at everyone but my main focus was on someone. This was because I wanted him to feel comfortable although it was cold outside. I didnt use touch in my group communication as I thought it wasnt needed. This was because we were all outside and it was cold. Everyone had an umbrella to themselves so you couldnt really get close enough to anyone to touch them. Although I did help someone get out of his chair when it was time to go back inside. To improve on this I believe I could have helped someone a bit more with getting in and out of his chair because then I would have used touch more appropriately rather than just grabbing at his hand to help him walk inside. I didnt grab at his hand because I knew he could walk on his own with the aid of a walking stick but if he had of asked me to hold his hand then I would have done. 3.3: Develop measures to evaluate success of a plan to improve my workplace communications: It is a necessity Nobody can do without communicating we communicate even if we are silent by our facial expression, or the posture we are sitting etc.   Therefore, we need to know the communication process to communicate effectively. It is a two-way process It includes sending a message and the response to that message. It is not complete unless the receiver has correctly known the message and his response (feedback) becomes known to the sender. It always involves two parties sender and receiver Two or more individual are involved in communication, in the organization point of view it can be upward, downward, horizontal or vertical.   The flow of communication is a circular one It is continuous, on-going process. It is a pervasive function; performed in all types of organizations at all the levels of management. Organization surely cannot do without communication. It is like Bow out of the arrow You can never take back your words whatever you say is already said and already observed by the receiver like for e.g. when we are angry we say things which we are not suppose to say even if we apologize it is irreversible.   That is the reason we have to be careful in saying anything to anybody this goes professionally as well personally. Recommendations and Conclusion Improving communication can lead to healthier relationships and further motivation which is much needed in Johns company. From what we can understand, it is hard to measure the motivation of the secretary, which appears quite low. Although it may seem like there are a lot of problems, many other issues are not; for example, poor language skills, hierarchy, and emotional interference. The crucial problems in the organisation can easily be avoided simply by exercising effective communication practice. This would include understanding different methods, forms and mediums of communication.

Birth Order and Happiness Study Essay

In this study, a stratified and random sample of 88 subjects, from three different sections of Provo and Orem, Utah, were given surveys. The selected family income was below the median for family income in one section selected. In the second selection, family income was at the states median and for the third selection family income was above the median. Within each of these sections, families were selected at random and contacted by telephone. Those who decided to participate were invited to the Financial Counseling Clinic at Bringham young and then asked to complete the assessment instruments. Only those subjects who came from families with four or more children were included in the study in order to provide for an analysis of the birth order variables. The subjects in the study consisted of 4 first born males and 8 first born females, 11 second-born males and 8 second born females, 24 middle born males and 20 middle born females, and 5 last born males and 8 last born females. The majority of these subjects were between 25 and 45 years of age. As stated before, each subject was administered the assessment instruments t Brigham Young University. One of the questions on the assessment, which was seen as the focus of the report, asked the subjects to compare themselves to the perceived happiness levels of their fathers, mothers, brothers, and sisters on the items of health, current marriage, current family, extended family, in-laws, friends, religion, financial security, and life in general. For these questions a seven point scale was used with one being the low score, seven the high, and the midpoint of four indicating that their perceived happiness was the same. Since there was no other literature that compared one’s happiness with the perceived happiness of one’s family members this study added a great deal to the non-existent body of knowledge. The results of the study showed that last born males scored consistently lower than all other male birth order, except for the â€Å"in-laws† area. Last borns scored lowest and separated themselves out the most from the other male birth orders in areas of â€Å"financial security,† â€Å"employment,† and â€Å"life in general. † Results showed that first born males scored higher than all other male birth orders on five of the items. As for the women, last borns scored lower on every subject except for one. In addition to this, very different from men, first born females scored consistently lower than both second born and middle born females. One of the most important things taken from this study is the similar pattern of both male and female last borns. Both scored lower than any of the other same-sex birth orders on the almost all of the happiness scales. This finding shows that last born male and females are typically unhappier than their firstborn, second born, or middle born siblings. The group contributed these findings to clinical observations done that stated last borns tend to be pampered and spoiled. They have been conditioned to people protecting, dominating, and giving them goods and services that require little effort on the part of the last born. This in turn makes it easy for last borns to grow up as adults who think people will continue to do this for them future. When the eventually become adults, they eventually face the reality that most other people will not pamper and they then experience cognitive dissonance, causing them to be last happy than their sibling. In addition to this, the pampering could potentially have detracted from their ability and learn to deal with problems of life and this could contribute to their relative unhappiness. A second study dealing with birth order and personality can also be used to predict the possible outcomes as well. Empirical Studies Indicating Significant Birth-Order-Related Personality Differences provided a summary of empirical support relating birth order to personality characteristics. This study focused on indentifying other studies that contained statistically significant results between personality differences and birth-order typologies and reported descriptive data in terms of variables that differ according to birth order. This research done by Eckstein focused primarily on articles dating from 1960 to 1999. All of the articles reported statistically significant levels at or beyond the . 05 level. Consistent with other studies that were based on Adlerian theory, empirical birth-order was grouped into the following four major categories: oldest, middle, youngest, and single. Eckstein then goes on to present a table showing the common characteristics identified for each of the four types and identifying articles that indicated each characteristic. For the oldest child, or first borns, according to Eckstein’s findings, at least two researchers attributed each of 26 different characteristics to these individuals. The six most frequently appearing attributes were highest achieving, highest IQ, greatest academic success, highest motivation and need for achievement, overrepresented among learned groups, and most affiliative under stress. All of these personality attributes can be used to relate to the findings from the first study, Birth Order and Happiness: A Preliminary Study by G. Hugh Allred & Bernard E. Poduska. The first borns of each family likely have higher levels of satisfaction due to these similar personality attributes. The majority of those individuals who are highest achieving usually are those who are most satisfied with their lives. This could be one of the reasons that the first borns scored the highest on the majority of question in the study conducted by Allred and Poduska. At least two researchers attributed each of 6 different characteristics to the middle child. The three attributed that appeared most frequently were fewest problems acting out, sociable, and greatest feeling of not belonging. For the youngest at least two researchers attributed each of 14 different characteristics to those who were the youngest child. The four most frequently appearing attributes for the youngest child or last born were; greatest overrepresentation of psychiatric disorders if from a small family, empathetic, helplessness and tendency toward alcoholism. The fact that both helplessness and a tendency toward alcoholism are two of the four most frequently appearing attributes helps relate to the first study on birth order and happiness conducted by Allred and Poduska. The fact that those born last are seen as helpless could be a direct effect of the fact that they were pampered and overprotected for the majority of their lives. This would then cause them to feel helpless in their later years when they are on their own in life without their family to pamper and always protect them. This feeling could then be used when explaining why those individuals who were last borns scored lowest on the majority of the questions asked in the study dealing with birth order and happiness by Allred and Poduska. Using the knowledge learned from these two research studies there will be two hypotheses used when conducting the study on the relationship between birth order and life satisfaction. The first hypothesis states that last born individuals will have the lowest levels of happiness on average. The second hypothesis states that those individuals who are not last borns will have higher levels of happiness on average. Proving whether or not these hypotheses are true will tell us a great deal about the relationship between birth order and life satisfaction and will help settle the argument on whether or not birth order has an effect on one’s life. III. Method: A random, convenience sample of 30 subjects was used during this study. Subjects were from various states on the East Coast and came from all different backgrounds. The subject’s ages ranged from 17-50 years of age and the majority of them were college students living on campus at Bryant University. Only those individuals with siblings were sampled and those without siblings did not receive the assessment. The rights of each subjected were protected. Prior to their participation in the assessment each subject was informed about the purpose of the study. These subjects were then told that in addition to their rights being protected, the privacy and confidentiality of the assessment will be strictly maintained at all times. The results of each assessment were shown to no one during the study besides those conducting the research and will not be used by any other researchers in the future. Throughout the entire study all ethical guidelines were followed. The results of each assessment were not tampered with or used against the respondent. All assessments were completed in the Bryant University library, but before being allowed to complete the assessment, each randomly picked subject was asked by the research whether or not they had siblings. Subjects who answered â€Å"no† were not given the assessment and able to go on their way. Subjects who answered â€Å"yes† to this question were then asked if they would like to participate in a research study on the relationship between birth order and happiness. A statement on privacy rights was then read to each subject by the researcher to make sure they knew that results of their assessment would be confidential. Once this was understood, the subjects were given the assessment. The subjects were free to complete the survey on their own and had as much time as needed to fill out the assessment. Once finished their assessments, each subject handed their survey to the researcher and was thanked for their participation in the study. Once 30 assessments were collected the scores of each assessment was tallied up and the results were recorded. The survey used was Life Satisfaction Index A survey from Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. This index consisted of 20 agree or disagree items that correlated highly with life satisfaction/happiness. Each response received zero or one points depending upon whether or not the response matched the response marked in parenthesis given by the book. For example: One question asked â€Å"As I grow older, things seem better than I thought they would be†. For this question the response marked in parentheses was â€Å"Agree† and those who responded â€Å"Agree† received one point and those who responded â€Å"Disagree† received none. Scores on this assessment could vary from 0 (lowest faction) to 20 (highest satisfaction) and helped show the life satisfaction of each respondent. In addition to the 20 agree or disagree questions, there was one multiple choice questioned used at the end of the survey. This question asked the respondent whether or not they were the: first born, second born, second born (last born), third born (middle), third born last, or fourth born (last) in their family. This question helped categorize the results of each respondent. The study has two independent variables and one dependent variable. The independent variables are gender and both order. The dependent variable is levels of happiness. The design of this study was a correlation design and there was no manipulation of either independent variable throughout the duration of the study. IV. Results: Figure 1: As shown in figure 1, first born males had the highest average life satisfaction score at 14. 89. This was more than one full point higher than the 13. 75 scored by those individuals who were third born middle children. Second born middle children scored a 13. 7 on average which was extremely close to those third born middle children. Figure 1, also shows that the bottom three lowest scores all belong to those who were last in their family’s birth order. Second born last borns scored a 12. 25 on average, fourth born last borns an 11. 67, and second born last borns had the lowest average life satisfaction index scores at 11. 50. All together, last borns received a mean score of 11. 83 on the life satisfaction i ndex which is almost two points lower than those who were middle borns and a full 3 points lower than those who were first borns. Breaking down the results for women we once again see that first borns had the highest average score on the life satisfaction index. Second born middle were one point behind at 14, and right behind them was third born middle at 13. 5. The average score of middle born children was 13. 8. Once again, the lowest average scores belonged to those who were last borns. Those individuals who were the third born last borns had the lowest score of 11. 5, followed by fourth born last at 12, and second born last at 12. 5. All together, the last borns scored a 12 on average when taking the life satisfaction index.

Causes of Childhood Obesity

Causes of Childhood Obesity Obesity is a superfluous amount of fat in the body. Obesity happens when a person’s body receives many more calories than it can burn by itself during the day. In other words it means that people eat generous helpings of processed food; moreover, this food can consist of a lot of cholesterol, which is extremely dangerous for the human body. Childhood obesity today has grown rapidly and has become a disturbing epidemic in many countries in the past few decades. Studies show that since the early 1970s, the percentage of both children and adults who can be characterized as overweight has doubled.According to a survey by the Public Health Agency of Canada in 2007, self-reported rates among children from age 12 to 17 of obesity were 2. 9% for girls and 6. 8% for boys. It is interesting that children who have problems with weight are more likely to become overweight adults. In a study by Lauren Marcus and Amanda Baron (n. d. ) it was found that obesity be gins in childhood for 30 persent obese adults. Sientists give many reasons for obesity, but the main three causes of childhood obesity are genetics, lack of activity, and children nourishment at school and at home.Muscular System: Muscle MetabolismIt is proven by scientists that genetics plays an important role of human beings. In spite of a fact that childhood obesity became a problem recently, the scientist already have evidence that childhood obesity is at least partly caused by genetics. Studies show that some ethnic groups have more prerequisites to be obese or are more defenseless to obesity-related disorders; moreover, a high body mass index could be associated with some genes (Denis Daneman and Jill Hamilton, 2010). A lot of people believe that a child has a 50 percent chance to be obese, if he or she has one overweight parent.When a child has both parents who are obese, there is an 80 percent or less chance of being obese. No doubt, genes affect how a person’s body s tores fat and how it is distributes through the body. Besides, genetics plays an important role in how rationally the body burns received calories during the day and burns calories during exercises, and also how effectively the body produces energy from food. Even though a child is genetically predetermined to obesity, exercises and a diet both in families and in schools are the main causes to gain weight.Lack of activity is another cause of childhood obesity. It is proven that daily participation in school physical education contributes positive effect to physical development, and builds a strong muscle system for the future. If a child is not active during the day, his body can’t burn as many calories as it needs to burn, and as a result, from year to year a child gains more weight. Doctors Trembley and Willms in 2003 argued that â€Å"Automated labor-saving devices and inexpensive and ubiquitous access to calorie-dense food create an environment conducive to obesity.Exces sive TV watching and video game use have been identified as a stimulus for excessive eating and sedentary behavior†. According to the research of Tremblay and Willmas a risk of being overweight is around 17 to 44 percent, and 10 – 61 percent of being obese is a consequence of watching TV and playing video games (ibid). It is necessary for children to have and participate in the active life; otherwise that calories received from a junk food in front of the TV couldn’t be burn properly by the body.That is why a child’s sedentary lifestyle serves as a gateway to the childhood obesity. Childhood diet at home and at school is the most important cause of childhood obesity. However, the members of the family share not only their genes, but also a diet habits that contribute a lot to childhood obesity in a family. Children of all ages spend half of their day in a school; therefore, school food is a very important part of children’s diet. It is not a big sec ret that the food which children eat every day at school is fast food.Furtheremore, everybody knows fast food is highly processed, and unhealthy in all its forms, so what children receieve is food made of off-the-shelf components, says Jamie Oliver (2010). A simillar situation at home, at first glance it is so convenient for parents to make purchases at supermarkets, buy a half-finished products and spent less time on cooking. Nevertheless, that food usually does not contain any nutrients; as a result the children’s body doesn’t get all useful vitamins to develop properly, so the metabolism can’t work at its full capacity or burn calories as well.It has been argued by Michael Wieting (2007) that obese children drink much more sugary drinks and eat more fries, potato chips, meat substitutes with ketchup and mayonnaise, and eat white bread. These all contribute to the higher calories, sugar, and fat intake. In the end, it is clear that childhood obesity can be cau sed by three main reasons such as genetics, lack of activity, and nourishment at school and at home. Genetics could influence how the body copes with calories, but if a child’s parents don’t take care over their progeny’s diet oth at school and at home, and also don’t organize child’s activity, he or she might gain weight easily in a very little time. Not only parents have to take care about their children, also everybody should remember that childhood obesity is becoming a dangerous epidemic in many countries, and everybody’s task is to prevent obesity, because children are our future. Bibliography Daneman, D. , & Hamilton, J. (2010). Causes and consequences of childhood obesity. Retrieved from http://www. aboutkidshealth. a/En/News/Columns/PaediatriciansCorner/Pages/Causes-and-consequences-of-childhood-obesity. aspx Michael, W. (2008). Cause and Effect in Childhood Obesity: Solutions for a National Epidemic. The Journal of the American Ost eopathic Association, 108(10)), 545-552. Retrieved from http://www. jaoa. org/content/108/10/545. full Marcus, L. , & Baron, A. (n. d. ). Childhood Obesity: The Effects on Physical and Mental Health. Retrieved from http://www. aboutourkids. org/articles/childhood_obesity_effects_physical_mental_health Oliver, J. (2010).Jamie Oliver's TED Prize wish: Teach every child about food [Video File]. Retrieved from http://www. ted. com/talks/jamie_oliver. html Pulic Health Agency of Canada. (2009). Obesity in Canada – Snapshot. Retrieved from http://www. phac-aspc. gc. ca/publicat/2009/oc/pdf/oc-eng. pdf Tremblay, M. S. , ; Willmas, J. D. (2003). Is the Canadian childhood obesity epidemic related to physical inactivity? (Vol. 27, pp. 1100-1105). Retrieved from http://chaausa. nonprofitoffice. com/vertical/Sites/%7B0635C236-197E-47C6-8FBB-A80A08D4715B%7D/uploads/%7BB25D71A3-6FC3-4315-A19C-B8B476011EB2%7D. PDF

Free Essays on The Effects Of Alcohol

Drinking â€Å"Those who drink beer will think beer,† states Washington Irving. Alcohol has many effects on people, including hangovers, family problems, and high risks of some diseases. There are numerous negative effects of drinking, and most of the American population has experienced these at one time or another. In America, a person’s first use of alcohol usually begins around the age of thirteen. Junior and senior high school students drink thirty-five percent of all wine coolers sold in the U.S. and consume 1.1 billion cans of beer. Consuming alcohol has both negative short- and long-term effects. Some of the short-term effects include hangovers, social drinking, and binge drinking. Most of the time, people consume alcohol in moderation. On occasion, people overindulge and take in too much alcohol and then get what is most commonly known as a hangover, or the sick flu-like symptoms that many people experience the day after drinking. One cause of a hangover is dehydration. Alcohol is a diuretic, a drug that increases urination and flushes fluids from the body. Too much alcohol depletes the body of necessary substances required to stay healthy, including blood sugar, vitamins and minerals that keep a person alert and not tired. There is good evidence emerging that the main cause of hangover is acute withdrawal from alcohol, which causes cells in the brain to physically change in response to the alcohol’s presence. When the alcohol is gone, a person goes through withdrawal until those cells get used to doing without the alcohol. Withdraw is when a cell is used to something in it’s environment, and that something such as alcohol is removed, causing a person to sometimes shake, vomit, or sweat uncontrollably in response to the removal. Drinking problems take a lot of forms and include social drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol poisoning. Social drinking, a term kids and drinkers have become accustom to, is d... Free Essays on The Effects Of Alcohol Free Essays on The Effects Of Alcohol Drinking â€Å"Those who drink beer will think beer,† states Washington Irving. Alcohol has many effects on people, including hangovers, family problems, and high risks of some diseases. There are numerous negative effects of drinking, and most of the American population has experienced these at one time or another. In America, a person’s first use of alcohol usually begins around the age of thirteen. Junior and senior high school students drink thirty-five percent of all wine coolers sold in the U.S. and consume 1.1 billion cans of beer. Consuming alcohol has both negative short- and long-term effects. Some of the short-term effects include hangovers, social drinking, and binge drinking. Most of the time, people consume alcohol in moderation. On occasion, people overindulge and take in too much alcohol and then get what is most commonly known as a hangover, or the sick flu-like symptoms that many people experience the day after drinking. One cause of a hangover is dehydration. Alcohol is a diuretic, a drug that increases urination and flushes fluids from the body. Too much alcohol depletes the body of necessary substances required to stay healthy, including blood sugar, vitamins and minerals that keep a person alert and not tired. There is good evidence emerging that the main cause of hangover is acute withdrawal from alcohol, which causes cells in the brain to physically change in response to the alcohol’s presence. When the alcohol is gone, a person goes through withdrawal until those cells get used to doing without the alcohol. Withdraw is when a cell is used to something in it’s environment, and that something such as alcohol is removed, causing a person to sometimes shake, vomit, or sweat uncontrollably in response to the removal. Drinking problems take a lot of forms and include social drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol poisoning. Social drinking, a term kids and drinkers have become accustom to, is d...

Herbert Hoover Biography and Presidency

Herbert Hoover Biography and Presidency Herbert Hoover (1874-1964) served as Americas thirty-first president. Before turning to politics, he served as a mining engineer in China. He and his wife Lou were able to escape the country when the Boxer Rebellion broke out. During World War I, he was quite effective organizing Americas war relief efforts. He was then named as the Secretary of the Commerce for two presidents: Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. When he ran for the presidency in 1928, he handily won with 444 electoral votes.   Here is a quick list of fast facts for Herbert Hoover. For more in depth information, you can also read the Herbert Hoover Biography Birth August 10, 1874 Death October 20, 1964 Term of Office March 4, 1929-March 3, 1933 Number of Terms Elected 1 Term First Lady Lou Henry Chart of the First Ladies Herbert Hoover Quote Every time the government is forced to act, we lose something in self-reliance, character, and initiative.Additional Herbert Hoover Quotes Major Events While in Office Stock Market Crash (1929) Start of the Great Depression (1929) Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)Bonus Army March (1932)Lame Duck Amendment Ratified (1933) The stock market crashed on Black Thursday, October 24, 1929, only seven months after Hoover had taken office. Five days later, on October 29th, Black Tuesday happened devastating stock prices even further. This was the beginning of the Great Depression that would effect countries around the world. Unemployment levels in the United States hit twenty-five percent.   When the Hawley-Smoot Tariff was passed in 1930, Hoovers goal was to protect the American farming industry. However, the real effect of this tariff was that foreign countries countered with high tariffs of their own.   In 1932, a Bonus March happened in Washington. Veterans had previously been awarded insurance under President Calvin Coolidge that was to be paid out after twenty years. However, because of the economic devastation of the Great Depression, over 15,000 veterans went to Washington D.C. to demand immediate payouts of their bonus insurance. They were virtually ignored by Congress. The Marchers ended up living in shantytowns around the US Capitol. To deal with this situation, Hoover sent in the military under  General Douglas MacArthur to get the veterans to move. The military used tanks and tear gas to get the veterans to leave.   Hoover lost reelection by a wide margin as he was blamed for much of the fallout and dire situations for many Americans during the Great Depression.   States Entering Union While in Office None Related Herbert Hoover Resources: These additional resources on Herbert Hoover can provide you with further information about the president and his times. Causes of the Great DepressionWhat actually caused the Great Depression? Here is a list of the top five most commonly agreed upon causes of the Great Depression. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the presidents, vice-presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts Calvin CoolidgeFranklin D. RooseveltList of American Presidents

Mediation Memorandum Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mediation Memorandum - Case Study Example Our first meeting with the grape supplier was unintended and he is the one who actually came up with the idea of the two of us doing business after he discovered that I own a small local health food products business. During our conversation after my first visit to the class, he told me that his family’s produce company is selling Muscadine grapes and informed me of their potential high antioxidant qualities. I became interested and agreed to promote the grapes and the products developed using their seeds and his family’s produce company became my supplier. Overtime the sales of the product significantly increased due to the aggressive marketing campaign I engaged in. Although his company was by then making prompt deliveries at consistent prices, I decided it would be appropriate to have a signed contract that is legally binding to formalize our contract in order to protect the interests of both parties. I personally drafted a contract that was signed by his son on his behalf. This is acceptable under the law. (Crawford,  2012) Despite the contract guaranteeing consistent price schedule, I was surprised to learn from my Muscadine grape supplier that they intended to terminate the contract contrary to the good faith and fair dealing that has evolved between during our business relationship. There are two contracts currently at issue. The first is the implied contract that came into effect after our verbal agreement during our first meeting at the Sunday school. Although this was not a written agreement, our consistent business relationship amounts to an implied contract whose warranty which is actually recognized by law, and therefore legally enforceable (Chirelstein, 2010). The second contract involved in this case is the agreement that was signed by his son of the grape supplier on behalf of their family’s produce company

Reflections on The Biblical Model for Discipleship Research Paper

Reflections on The Biblical Model for Discipleship - Research Paper Example For people to grasp and stay in the word of God, all three aspects related with gospel spreading have to be employed. These three humanity aspects include full involvement in God’s work using the soul, heart and mind. According to Paul, there is an importance in developing education in relation to Christianity as it is founded in the bible teachings. However, it is important to have the Christian teachers develop and find their strength and power from the Lord. According to Malphurs, leaders driven by value have the impression that they are not in errand of being followed, but all their actions can be used and aid the congregation with the hope that they get pleased. In his argument, he provides examples stating that having leadership in the church does not assurance one to happen to a excellent leader. This is because, a good leader is that one who has the best will and tirelessly works towards realizing the best of his leadership abilities. He emphasizes on the need to have humility, which results to respect and coordination. Christian Leader With reference to Malphurs writing on Christian leaders, serving and pleasing God is the main emphasis. He used recent research and scriptures to define biblical leadership while explaining different aspects related to Christian leaders1. Christian leaders are recognized as servants the capabilities and abilities of influencing people in contexts that can direct them into God’s ways. For this reason, Christian leadership entails a process that has servants using their abilities to woo people into the word of God. Marphurs in his argument uses Paul to show and teach about Christian leaders. Paul begins by greeting all Christian saints in Philippi who comprise of deacons and overseers. This takes us to some two popular Greek word in the New Testament; episkopos and presbuterous, which mean ‘bishop’ and ‘elder’ respectively. This renders the universal role in practice in the early chu rch as one that was centered at developing a large number of church leaders. This is in the perspective that leadership should only have exaltation directed at Jesus Christ. This is because leadership by one man would result into the exaltation of that particular icon, of which the latter should be accorded to Jesus according to the bible. Since Jesus is the sole head of the church, Paul gives a leadership example in Christianity that fosters on accrediting only Jesus. Therefore Paul never settles on greeting either the overseer or the pastor but addresses the overseers in plural. This was a sign of discouragements on one-man exaltations which contradict with the one pastor phenomena in most churches today. Paul gives another notion by clearly referring to the Philippi faithful as a people ‘along with’ their leaders rather than, a people under their consequent bishops and deacons. This gives the impression of ever Christian as a minister; every Christian has a role in t he ministry. This calls for the eradication of the general perception that there exists a unique minister responsible for overlooking on others. Some ministers may dedicate more time and energy when compared to others but the basement line calls harmonious degrees in all Christians in a ministry. Every Christian is a leader to them with only Jesus as the sole icon that deserves exaltation regardless of the roles played in the entire ministry. There exists no intermediary between the church and God in the perspective