History of Social Policy

1. Explain the meaning of the following terms: industrialisation; urbanisation; public health problems and the implications for state provisions The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and technology had an extreme effect on the society’s economic and cultural conditions. Starting in the United Kingdom, then consequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and ultimately the world. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history. Almost every feature of daily life was influenced in some way. Most particularly, average income and population began to exhibit extraordinary sustained growth. This is known as urbanisation. Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Rapid urbanisation took place during this period of industrialisation, many people moved from rural to urban areas to get jobs in the rapidly expanding industries in many large towns and cities. It is estimated that 1/6 of the British population visited London during the 18th century, and the most adventurous and ambitious stayed. This urbanisation had huge implications and resulted in complex societal changes which had adverse effects on the public health of communities. Diseases like typhoid and cholera were common. An outbreak of cholera in 1848 killed 14,000 in London. This was due to the housing shortages, sanitation problems, low standards of personal hygiene, polluted drinking water, exploitation of workers and widespread poverty. Great Britain in the nineteenth century was a great bastion of individualism where that unsympathetic principle of the political economists -laissez faire- dominated public opinion, and Parliament. The individualist theory of government holds that the position of state is to protect the liberty of individuals to act as they wish, as long as they do not infringe upon the liberties of others. Although there has been extended debate over whether this â€Å"age of -laissez faire† gave way to an â€Å"age of collectivism,† This is the period regarded as the source for the widespread collectivism that would ollow. Collectivism At its root is the belief that a collective is more than just individuals interacting together. It is the belief that the group is an entity itself, more important than the sum of the individuals. Put simply by John F. Kennedy â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country. † And that is exactly what happened , In 1875 state intervention meant that a public health act was passed. This implemented that all new residential construction had to include running water, and an internal drainage system. Also the act meant that all towns had to have pavements and street lights. Yet there was still alot that needed to be done which meant more state intervention was necessary. The national insurance scheme introduced by the liberal government in 1911, gave most workers health insurance and unemployment benefits for workers in industries with high risks of unemployment. But by the 1920s and 1930s the economic depression and widespread unemployment meant that the national insurance scheme was paying out more that it recieved. Benefits were cut and a means test was imposed. This did not change a thing however, poverty was pervasive and particularly among the families of the unemployed. 2. Assess the relationship between laissez faire and ideas of welfare and poverty in the 19th century. Give examples including reference to the poor laws. The original people that believed in and encouraged laissez-faire were the physiocrats (political economists). The physiocrats were followers of the physiocrat school of economic thought, and were in a way the predecessors of classical economists. Although some of their more renowned ideas were very backwards, like believing that only land (physical assets) produced revenue, they certainly were the first to come up with the notion of laissez-faire. (or no government interference) In 1563 the poor of Britain were branded for the first time into deserving, and the undeserving. The elderly and the very young, the infirm, and families who irregularly found themselves in financial difficulties due to a change in circumstance were considered deserving of social support. But people who often turned to crime to make a living such as, highwaymen or pickpockets, migrant workers who roamed the country looking for work, and individuals who begged for a living, were to be treated unsympathetically. The act of 1572 introduced the first necessary poor local poor law tax, an important step acknowledging that alleviating poverty was the responsibility of local communities, in 1576 the concept of the workhouse was born, and in 1597 the post of overseer of the poor was created. The great act of 1601 combined all the previous acts and set the benchmark for the next two hundred years. The Poor Laws passed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth played an essential role in the country's welfare. They signalled important progression from private charity to welfare state, where the care and supervision of the poor was embodied in law and integral to the management of each town, village and hamlet. In 1843, the newspaper The Economist was founded, and became an influential voice for laissez-faire capitalism. In response to the Irish famine of 1846–1849, in which over 1. 5 million people died of starvation, they argued that for the government to supply free food for the Irish would violate natural law. Clarendon, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, wrote, â€Å"I don't think there is another legislature in Europe that would disregard such suffering. † Laissez-faire policy was never absolute in any nation, and at the end of the 19th century, European countries again took up some economic protectionism and interventionism. France for example, started cancelling its free trade agreements with other European countries in 1890. Germany's protectionism started (again) with a December 1878 letter from Bismarck, resulting in the iron and rye tariff of 1879. 1929 was a crucial year across the globe. When the United States stock market crashed, ripples were felt across Europe. As hardship and insecurity walked hand-in-hand into the 1930s, they met increasing unemployment and poverty. As president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt took action by implementing a new economic strategy in the New Deal. This model was the â€Å"optimistic activism, experimentation, and interventionist reforms† that the country so desperately needed at the time whilst the USA committed herself to social justice and firmly held the belief of government responsibility towards its citizens, the USSR praised socialism and developed communism. The United Kingdom saw the action other global governments were taking, and decided to follow the lead. In 1935 Attlee became the new leader of the Labour Party. At that time the Conservative government feared the spread of communism from the Soviet Union to the rest of Europe. In 1940 Attlee joined the coalition government headed by Winston Churchill. He was virtually deputy Prime Minister although this post did not formally become his until 1942. It was afterwards claimed that during the Second World War Attlee worked as a restraining influence on some of Churchill's wilder schemes The Labour party published the Beveridge Report (1942), the bestselling â€Å"report (that) set out social programs to slay the ‘five giants’: Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness†. In 1945 Herbert Morrison (who was defeated by Clement Attlee for the leadership of the Labour Party in 1935) was given responsibility for drafting the Labour Party manifesto that included the blueprints for the nationalization and welfare programmes. The Labour Party was a socialist party and proud of it. As a result, the Labour government â€Å"established free medical care under a newly constituted National Health Service, created new systems of pensions, encourage better education and housing, and sought to deliver on the unambiguous commitment to ‘full employment. In 1945, the United Kingdom gave birth to the first modern welfar e state. 3. How did the political ideology of the new right wing impact on social policies under Mrs Thatcher? What is a political ideology? Alcock (2003, p. 194, original emphasis) argues that ideology is ‘a concept that refers to the systems of beliefs within which all individuals perceive all social phenomena’. He goes on to stating that ‘in this usage no one system of beliefs is more correct, or more privileged, than any other’. Heywood (2003, p. 12) suggests, an ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power. The new right, it is generally accepted that the political ideology of the New Right contains two interrelated but also sometimes contradictory strands of political thought: neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism. The core elements of neo-liberalism are support for individualism, laissez faire and limited government intervention in economy and society. Neo-liberals believe that individuals are rational and therefore the best judges of their own best nterests and that they should be allowed the utmost possible individual freedom to determine their own behavior subject only to the restriction that their behavior should not harm others. The core elements of neo-conservatism differ in several respects from those of neo-liberalism. Whereas classic liberals are all in favor of free individualistic decision making, conservatives put forward that this kind of individualism is a recipe for anarchy and that individual freedom, can best be guaranteed via respect for traditional norms, values and i nstitutions. They declare that traditional institutions and patterns of social behavior which have stood the test of time must have done so because they have been socially beneficial which leads neo-Conservatives to support the maintenance or at most only gradual change in the existing social order which implies support for traditional sources of authority, traditional patterns of social and economic inequality, traditional institutions and traditional values. They are therefore expected to be supporters of strong but limited government, the Monarchy and the Aristocracy, the Church, the traditional family and traditional education. Under the leadership of Mrs Thatcher the conservatives made it their duty to do away with socialism and to reduce the power of the trade unions. Thatcher’s government made changes to the N. H. S, by creating the internal market. This was down to the Griffiths reports (1983) which suggested that the N. H. S should be run like a super market. Instead of meeting patients’ needs, trusts would be run in competition with one another for patients. Administration costs in the N. H. S in 1979 were around 6%. After the introduction of the internal market these costs had doubled to 12%. this shows that Thatcher had introduced inefficiencies as a result of outsourcing and duplication of work. However, Thatcher’s intended privatisation was never carried through completely due to the backlash from the pub lic. Tebbit once described the N. H. S as the nearest thing in Britain to a â€Å"national religion†. The conservative government also contributed in making reforms to the state education system. The Conservatives' 1979 Education Act removed the requirements introduced by previous Labor Governments that Local Authorities whose secondary schools were not currently organized on comprehensive lines must prepare plans for the transition to comprehensive education. Also under the 1979 Act Local Authorities were requested to place greater emphasis on parental choice in the allocation of school places although it has been suggested that in practice this requirement had only limited practical effects. The 1980 Education Act introduced an assisted Places Scheme which subsidized students who passed an entrance examination but whose parents had limited funds to be educated at private schools in the hope that this would enable these more able students to develop their talents more fully than would be possible in the state sector of education. This policy is a sign of a Conservative belief that state schools were often incapable of developing the talents of the most gifted pupils and in effect provided a state subsidy to the private education sector which the Conservatives wished to support. An important reform was the 1986 Education Act. This abolished corporal punishment in state schools. Other than this the Thatcher lead conservative party made many more changes to the education system Under the terms of the 1988 Education Reform Act, the following education policies were introduced. A National Curriculum was introduced which was to be followed compulsorily in all mainstream state schools but remained optional for independent schools. The National Curriculum was originally to contain 10 compulsory subjects of which 3 [English, Mathematics and Science] were to be â€Å"core† subjects and 7 [History, Geography, Technology, Music, Art, PE and a modern foreign language {at key stages 3 and 4}] were to be foundation subjects. Welsh was to be a Core Subject in Welsh -speaking schools and a foundation subject in Welsh non-Welsh speaking schools. RE was to be a compulsory â€Å"basic† subject in all schools although problems would arise surrounding the precise nature of the RE curriculum which was to be primarily based around Christianity except where the ethnic/religious composition of the school population suggested that this was inappropriate. In conclusion Thatcher’s conservative party had an immense impact and made numerous reforms and changes whilst in government. After all she is not called a social policy expert (Clare Beckett: The 20 Prime Ministers of the 20th Century) for nothing.

The Impact of Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses

The Impact of Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses on the corporate performance of Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical: During 2003 Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical Company suffered huge losses of 60 Million Chinese Rmb which represents about 5. 7% decrease in the Operating income of the Company. While during 2004, Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical Company suffered greater losses of 75 Million Chinese Rmb which represents about 6. 9% decrease in the Operating income of the Company.These losses are not the responsibility of the parent Company Johnson & Johnson; however it’s the responsibility of the Subsidiary Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical, so Johnson and Johnson was generating profits while on the other hand, Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical was losing income. If those reductions of operating income continued, soon this will affect the profitability of Xian Janssen Pharmaceutical, and thus upset its shareholders, and so they might sell their shares till its prices fall, and then the company might suffer f rom Bankruptcy. This pure use of foreign exchange forwards would be due to some factors including;The limited availability of other foreign exchange derivatives or risk management alternatives, the restricted policies of Johnson and Jonson, the regulatory restrictions in China on the use of derivatives and currency products, and the unwillingness of Johnson and Johnson to either carry the risk itself or allow more breadth in Management of the foreign exchange exposures of its Chinese subsidiary. The relationship between actual spot exchange rate, the budgeted spot exchange rate, the forward rate, and the expectations for the Chinese subsidiary’s financial results by the U.S parent company: Nearly all multinational companies, like all organizations, ordain off of budgets. The Chinese subsidiary of J&J isn’t contradictive. Paul Young must assemble a strategic a business and marketing plan, associated with a budget, for Xian-Janssen’s showing up year. That is the a ctuality of the situation. The forecast exchange rate for the coming year , the budget rate, Usually generate either exclusively by the companies or in combination with input from the business unit for.Regardless of the process, the final budgeted rate will be used for planning, purchasing, and atrocious of all— formation of expectations. As is the case with all forecast, however, it will prove an error. Paul Young just hopes it will not be â€Å"too wrong† and that the direction of the error proves in his business unit’s favored. Once the budget was appointed and accepted by the U. S parent, Paul Young and Xian-Janssen’s results for the coming year would be graved on stone. They would then be managing the business to meet the parent company’s expectations, in this case, of 20% growth.The forward rate is calculated by the financial service providers from the current spot rate and interest differentials. Since the Rmb was fixed to the dollar at this time, and the euro was continuing to appreciate versus to dollar, Xian-Janssen’s financial results were looking at the anemic euro results. The forward rate was costing Xian-Janssen multifarious money. Paul Young would feel increase pressure to forego the hedging in order to reduce the cost. Johnson& Johnson has roughly 200 foreign subsidiaries worldwide.It has always pursued a highly decentralized organizational structure, in which the individual units are responsible for their own performance from the top to the bottom line of the income statement. Although it is not unusual for a multinational firm to make foreign exchange gains and losses the responsibility of its foreign subsidiaries, it is not typically considered very efficient. The subsidiary business unit is typically just that, a business unit, and does not ordinarily possess the resources of skills sets necessary for good exchange rate risk management Foreign exchange gains and losses have an impact on corporate p erformance at XJP.Although many people may first see these as relatively small losses, a reduction in the operating earnings of an individual business unit from foreign exchange changes alone like this would be considered significant. One way to note this is to consider that the average return on sales (ROS) for the Fortune 500 in the second quarter of 2005 was about 7. 7%. If these bottom line profits were chopped an additional 6%-7% on a consolidated basis, a lot of companies – and shareholders – would be considerably upset.

Stereotypes- Katha Pollitt

Stereotypes Almost from the birth kids are differentiating, girls are dressed in pink clothes and boys in blue. But they are just kids who behave almost in the same way, and their beliefs are changing with growing up. The only difference between them is their anatomy. Through genes, masculine and feminine traits are physically different. The mostly common stereotype is that girls should play with a doll, take dance lessons and be a nurse, not a doctor because it is a male profession. Why stereotypes are most important factors in our society to distinguish boys from girls?Following common stereotypes, toys are given to the children according to their gender. Consequently, boys are supposed to play with a truck and girls with a doll. Toy companies design specific toys, ones for girls and other for boys. Even aisles at markets are divided by gender. One is all in pink, with Barbie’s and kitchen sets. The second one is a mixture of colors, mostly of blue and red with trucks and gu ns. I wonder how it would look conversely, dolls in blue clothes and pink trucks. According to Katha Pollitt article, society gives children deceptive view of the world.She states, â€Å"†¦ to reject her is to say that what Barbie represents- being sexy, thin, stylish. † This quotation shows untruthful vision of the ideal women. A toy like Barbie negatively influences teen girls because this doll demonstrates an impossible body image. Fortunately kids are good observers and they know it is not true. Barbie and other toys can result in future psychological for the children because of the negative gender roles. The major reason lies only in our beliefs which we pass through generations.People lie in the stereotypes because is easier to be like each other. Sometimes being different and standing out from the crowd may have bad effects. I think it is fine and acceptable for a boy to play with a doll, and for a girl with truck. I think that boys playing with dolls can only hel p them show their emotions and feelings. Since we have the same rights, why is it seen in some way as eccentricity? There is only one major reason why people are so antisocial and sticking with the stereotypes.It is the traditional view of women as irrational, oversensitive person which destiny is to be a wife and mother. Roots of the current position and status of sexual differentiation lie in childhood and adolescence. During the process of socialization children learn how everything is functioning in the society. Also it comes to the shaping personality traits, needs and values of the system, as well as roles and patterns of behavior expected by the society. Both genders need some knowledge of other’s traditional role in the family life.Boys like girls should do housework and other stereotyped activities. There are two separate theories to distinguish boys from girls. Stereotyped toys and traditional view of role division, divide our society and leads us to think stereotyp ically. Therefore, I agree with Katha Pollitt, we should not limit boys and girl by toys according to genders. I don’t think it is not wrong for child to play with any toy or participating in any sports or activity as long as they are having good time and spending their time, and play appropriately.

Public health nurse interventions and recommendations Assignment

Public health nurse interventions and recommendations - Assignment Example Most are poisoned at around their homes when they are exposed to lead-contaminated dust at harmful levels, deteriorated lead- based paint and also contaminated soil. To control lead poisoning, local advocates can target potential hot spots for lead poisoning, educate people and also policy makers on the extent and severity of lead poisoning and use the media in advocacy. The affected state should connect with lead poisoning prevention advocacy groups to make assist each other in fighting against lead poisoning. Also by learning on the number of affected children’s and collecting their blood samples will assist in making of policies meant for control of lead poisoning. Superfund sites have been ranked as the worst toxic waste sites. Around 11 million people in US and 3-4 million children live within the outcasts of federal superfund site making it a potential health risk. Most of the states have been affected by poor air quality due to smog and soot caused by six ubiquitous pollutants. Over 170 million people in America live in areas where federal air quality standards are not met. This poses them to health risks of heart and lung diseases and premature deaths. They lead to depletion of ozone layer and triggers asthma attacks. To curb the problem, the government should impose laws and regulations governing the industries in need to purify their wastes before releasing them to the environment. The water quality remains a challenge in the US even if waterways has become cleaned and discharged as well as sewage treatment has been controlled. The industrial wastes should be treated before being discharged into the water. Animal wastes produced by the intensive livestock operations with more firms have readily contributed to pollution. Proper animal wastes treatment practices should be adequate to protect water and environment

Green Wedge Policy in Norfolk Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Green Wedge Policy in Norfolk - Assignment Example It is realised that the strategic gap and green wedge policies are important for the cities, being more flexible than the Green Belt policy. Local landscape planning authorities have seen the need of preserving an uncluttered landscape for conservation, as maintaining environmental balance is highly important for the city dwellers. When Green Wedge policy came into being, Norfolk was one of the selected cities for implementation of the plan. Green wedges are mainly the undeveloped land that is marked by city planners as the protected area, a kind of community land that should not be developed commercially. It comes under the plan of sustainable development in rural areas and will come up again and again as regions that have to be protected. Preliminary survey and assessment of the plans was done in the southern part of England, Norfolk included. Metro political District and Unitary Development Plan policies were excluded mainly because they were already included in the Green belt policies and again including them in the Green wedge policy was found unnecessary. It was already decided that they do not overlap. The preliminary survey did an assessment of all structural plans and policies. Again, most of the Green Wedges were planned in the Southern part of England. Some of the cities have already come under the Green Belt policy and they do not need Green Wedges. People manoeuvring the policy are trying to find suitable patterns for the whole country. They are also regulating to discover suitable features to be included owing to the special requirement of the particular town or city, within the countrywide pattern. Norfolk comes in the second category and number and mode of strategic gaps and green wedges and their requirements had to be planned for the purpose. Some comments and suggestions were welcomed for some time. But, District councils had to make their own plans and policies for implementing this ambitious plan. "In each case the account discusses the number and extent of strategic gaps and green wedges, their purposes, and any key Examination in Public (EIP) rulings which have affected the status of such policies" http://www.odpm.gov.uk/index.aspid=1143456 Norfolk Country Council had always been preoccupied with the environmental balance of the county. It has to think about the river valleys, beautiful landscape, woodland and the wellknown Southern Bypass, most of which come under the southern part of the city. After the policy got approved in 1993, it became part of the major Structure Plan that got approved in 1999. there was a proposal in 1989 from the County Council suggesting that a Green Belt should be made around Norwich, and ultimately after much discussion, this proposal was rejected. But a preservation of environmental assets policy was introduced in its place. This policy was not only for preservation of the natural resources, but also for restraining and controlling of encroaching city expansions. This also intends to protect the historical heritage of the area and control the immediate countryside by creating green wedges and strategic gaps to restrict the unbriddled growth and 'ribbon development' of the city. Green Belt Policy for this area was held to be unsuitable because city growth was considered to be within limits and this makes the existing

Non Western Theatre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Non Western Theatre - Essay Example history before European countries invaded it and subjugated African nations as colonies, was little known largely because Africans merely improvised their performances without written scripts. Most information of African theater during this time can be gleaned only from the accounts of traders and missionaries and researches of them by scholars. It is not surprising that during the colonial period, the African theater was dominated by European performers who enacted their country’s own classic texts and who made schoolchildren perform them in schools. It was during the post-colonial period, in the 1960s for many African countries and in the 1990s by South Africa, that the African theater was wrested back by the Africans. However, all throughout the different periods and the different categories of African theater, one theme has always prevailed: African theater did not only serve the purpose of entertainment but had been the focal point which sustained African communities as p erformances were the reenactment of the villages’ ethos of the time. In the pre-colonial times, performances were an enactment of the superstitious beliefs of villages, i.e. driving away an evil spirit from the village, and in the post-colonial era, performances were staged first, as a protest against their colonizers and second, when they finally gained independence, as â€Å"critical watchdog† of their new governments.1 African Theater has always been ritualistic and today, traces of the ritualistic aspects still remain in the postcolonial theater. Rituals in â€Å"celebration of birth, marriage, puberty, planting, and harvesting, its epic story-telling tradition of praising heroic and communal achievements, and its visual and auditory spectacle provided by dance and music† are enacted on stage making African theater largely functional. It is said that theaters in general are rooted in ritual, seasonal rhythms, religion and communication but the great distinction between European theater

Public Funds Provision for Parks and Leisure Areas Assignment

Public Funds Provision for Parks and Leisure Areas - Assignment Example The Newtownville district leisure department is evaluating the most appropriate methods of rationalizing its services by reducing its cost of operation. In its new initiative, the department is also considering to involve local population in the collection and allocation of funds. Additionally, the department is planning to obtain financial sponsorship and support from the local business community. To facilitate success in the new development, partnership with local business community is essential (Raymore and Scott, 2007, p.21). To overcome the current predicament, the department’s management is currently on the verge of exploring their commercial interests as well as involving the general public in the improvement of its services. The department is planning to increase the range of audience in their leisure services. Currently, the regular audiences of the department facilities entail local middle aged people among other age groups (Cranz, 2001, p. 121). The department is pl anning to develop their services to include the requirement of elder people in the society as well as visitors from other areas. Most of the audience visit the Newtownville district council leisure facilities to relax and to enjoy the attractive parks in the areas. The new project aims at expanding their services to incorporate other services (Gobster, 2001, p. 211) The Newtownville leisure services department is also planning to elevate the type and the number of personnel involved in taking care of the available park services. Currently, the department is planning to incorporate local people in the management of its recreational facilities. The department is also looking for financial assistance from local business community (Freysinger 2003, p.253). The local business community is expected to be involved in the management and in financing the management of the parks. To meet its future plans, the department is planning to use the profound reputation of the parks and other communa l leisure areas in attracting local business people and community to volunteer in taking care of the park facilities (Raymore and Scott 2007, p.21). The department plans to involve local people in the preliminary planning of the new development. The council also intend to conduct a survey to examine other methods relevant in appealing local volunteers to work in the communal leisure areas and parks. Additionally, the department is planning to advance the family requirements and needs in the park. The department is planning to liaise with local people to understand the areas which need improvement. According to the department, the areas which need improvement include improvement in food service delivery as well as improving the quality of food offered to families, which use council leisure facilities in picnics. The existing gap in service delivery results from inadequate number of employees in the park coupled with a decline in the quality of food to the visiting families (Mertes, 2 006, p. 47). To address the root cause of these inefficiencies, the council is planning to hire a research agency to assess the long term requirement of families which uses the park in their leisure activities. Regarding commercial interests, the leisure services department is planning to increase its financial sponsorship. The department i

Current and Non-Current Assets Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current and Non-Current Assets Paper - Essay Example For instance; accounts that are receivable are the owing by clients and these should be reflected in the balance sheet in the value realizable. To this those accounts whose collectibility is uncertain must be free of an allowance referred to as doubtful debts and thus should reflect the realizable value. The realizable value is the amount expected to be taken in cash form in reasonable terms. Cash equivalents are those securities that are near-cash like treasury bills of the US expected to mature in three-month time or in a shorter period. Inventory on the other hand, may not always be liquid in conditions of crisis. For example; those commodities that are perishable in nature, high fashion goods, seasonal commodities, things subjected to obsolescence due to their technological nature or the items of trendy nature. Due to the fact that inventory can easily fall in value, it must be reflected in the balance sheet at the value lower of market and cost values. (Livingstone and Grossman, 2001) While currents assets are utilizable or consumable within a year, non-current assets are different in that they can be used fore more than one year. Relatively non-current assets are costly and they aid a business to operate over a long time. Attention in the management of current assets is centered on their transportability and liquidity, but it’s different when it comes to non-current assets. Non-current assets demand attention because of their expensiveness in terms of cost and the long time horizon coverage. This nature of non-current assets calls for an extensive time view in acquisition, planning and management. Non current assets are usually acquired for utilization in the business operations and they are not purposed for resale. They give to the businesses economic benefits for a period extending longer than one accounting period. They are classified into two categories; tangible and intangible. Tangible assets are also

How I can help University of San Francisco to carry out its mission Essay

How I can help University of San Francisco to carry out its mission - Essay Example Being a Muslim, I hope not to bring in religion in my work as this will tend to influence me negatively and thus stop me from doing what is good for the entire University Fraternity. To begin with, I would like to encourage the University to open more scholarship opportunities for the less fortunate students; this will encourage students to study hard in order to qualify to gain the scholarship. The Jesuits Catholic Tradition encourages and welcomes persons of all faith and culture. This is a very positive approach from the University. I would encourage that students are offered the freedom and responsibility to be able to make their own judgments’ regarding all matters (Higheredjobs par 3). To promote learning in the University of San Francisco, I will encourage them to recruit staff globally. Aside from the staff, I will also encourage them to recruit and retain students from other countries; this will ensure that every student gets global exposure and thus a wide wealth of experience. This will encourage students to act and think in a globally way. I will also encourage the University of San Francisco to encourage the students to engage in variety of activities, which will encourage togetherness among the students and in turn get opportunities to develop important life skills. I will also encourage the University of San Francisco to encourage the culture of service that is respectful and promotes dignity for every student. The University should also ensure that there is equal and rightful distribution of resources. This will help ensure that some departments do not prosper at the expense of others. This encourages individuality among students improving their individual performances. I believe that, attending the University of San Francisco would help me learn more about the Jesuit Catholic Tradition and in turn teach it to others. This will help me assist the university achieve

Immigration Enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigration Enforcement - Essay Example The department of state (DOS) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) play the role of administering the law and policies on the unknown or foreigners. DOS plays the main responsibility of issuing visas, citizenship of U.S and immigration services. DHS is responsible for approving immigrant petitions, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in some chosen embassies abroad (Brotherton & Kretsedemas, 2008). Department of State (DOS) holds excessive power over the issuance of the visa. Consular officers are more concerned about facilitating tourism and trade to inspect visa applicants carefully. It is often argued that the principal authorities should be given to VSP, which assigns special agents with expertise in immigration law and stand against terrorism (Brotherton & Kretsedemas, 2008). Border security deals in many ways by which illegal and fugitive individuals and the goods enter the country. Border security technically involves controlling the ports from which legitimate or legal travelers enter the country. It also involves patrolling these lands and borders to prohibit illegal entries in the country. Fencing the borders is one permanent issue (Brotherton & Kretsedemas, 2008). One billion US Dollars were allotted for the use of Border Initiative Network (SBInet), the virtual fence of the cameras, radar and for the devices of communication, which was cancelled due to the misuse and overrun of cost from 2006-2010 by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). International land border and other oversight issues would keep on raising the question of what the technology, infrastructure, and personnel should be or do to identify and prohibit the entries of illegal personnel in the country. Efforts to improve the security of immigration documents are made to develop a system that tackles corrupted or fraud documents (dAppollonia & Reich, 2008). Since the terrifying

Prestige plastics (PP) pricing problem Case Study

Prestige plastics (PP) pricing problem - Case Study Example Major Facts Sue, being a graduate majored in materials management, discovered a pricing problem while working at a manufacturing firm named Prestige Plastics (PP) operating as a supply manager. Her job description consisted of purchasing chemicals for the firm’s plastic productions. The problematic chemical purchase for Sue was that of a chemical called X-pane made specifically for PP. A bid for this chemical was forwarded to six suppliers with an annual requirement of 10,000 drums. The Chicago Chemical Company bid the lowest. Greater Sandusky Chemical said it was impossible to bid that low based on approximate production costs of $750,000 amortized over the one-year contract to reduce loss. Other bidders agreed with this statement. Sue assessed that over the years bidding prices did increase reflecting cost growth. She knew something was wrong but also wanted to maintain the competitive bidding process. Major Problems The major problem consists of the cost growth required to produce the chemical X-pane increasing each year adversely affecting the competitive bidding process. The approximate setup cost of 750,000 for producing x-pane seems to be an issue with buyers in seeing this return over a one-year contract. Possible Solutions/Alternatives A. One alternative would be for Sue to work with the engineering department and assess if there is a better cost efficient chemical that gives the same product results as X-pane that is already on the market for purchase. B. Another alternative would be to reduce the estimated annual requirement of purchase and expand it over a longer period of time. Instead of the required purchase of 10,000 drums a year it can be pushed back to 10,000 drums in 19 months. C. Finding a more cost efficient product that produces the same result and expanding the purchase contract to 10,000 drums within a 19 month period would produce the best results. D. The advantage of finding a cost friendly chemical would decrease costs for the manufacturing firm and increase production from eager buyers. The disadvantage of this would be that the new chemical would not meet the standards set by X-pane. The advantages of increasing the contracts purchase period would allow for buyers to make a greater profit which would be pleasing for them and increase production for the company in the long run. The disadvantage of this would be that PP would not make as much money as it would if it kept the original contract in place. Choice and Rationale I chose choice B. Expanding the purchase contract would be more cost efficient than taking time to search for a new product and gambling on those results. Questions 1. Usually when five prerequisites are satisfied the buying manager can be assured of obtaining the lowest price. 2. According to the case a buying firm may fall into the â€Å"competitive bidding trap† when one company bids lower but increases its bid over time to produce an appearance of a demand but then the hidden fluctuated production costs over time decreases the demands for other competitors. This can create a blind spot in thinking that production is going well and not considering extra costs as time procures. Sue saw the fact that the Chicago Chemical Company placed a low bid for five years straight but failed to realize that the competitive market was decreasing which essentially decreases production. 3. During the first contract at Prestige Plastics Chicago Chemical’s bid was $202 per barrel which was $3 lower than the second lowest price. Each year Chicago Chemical’s prices were $3 to $15 lower than the lowest bid. This could be a strategic move played by the bidders making it seem like a competitive market while reflecting cost growth in materials required to get Prestige Plastics to offer a better deal in order to keep competitive bidding active. 4. During the current buy things seemed good for Prestige Plastics with Chicago Chemical giving the lowest bid but the othe r competitors were not satisfied with growing production costs. They felt the competition was unfair to them

Three Men in a Boat Essay Example for Free

Three Men in a Boat Essay The author, Jerome K. Jerome, was born in Walsall, Staffordshire, England, on 2nd May 1859. His early upbringing was done in London and he studied in Marylebone Grammar School at the age of 15, he lost both his parents and had to take up a job as a railway clerk. Later on he took up different vocations- school teacher, actor, journalist. In 1888 he married Georgina Henrietta Stanley. His first publication was ‘Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow’, followed by the famous ‘Three Men in a Boat’. He became famous both as a playwright and novelist. He also served in the French Red Cross during the First World War before his death on 14th June 1927. The theme The complete novel is based upon a boat-trip taken by three friends down the river Thames from Kingston to Oxford. I believe that it was supposed to be a travelogue but it turned out to be a hilarious account of a journey. The story turns out to be humorous due to the brief anecdotes given by the author of previous incidences, the three friends’ behaviors and the occasional humorous uplift given by the author’s dog. The plot The story begins by introducing George, Harris, Jerome and Montmorency, a fox-terrier. The men are spending an evening in Jeromes room, smoking and discussing illnesses they fancy they suffer from. They conclude they are all suffering from overwork and need a holiday. A stay in the country and a sea trip are both considered, then rejected (J. describes the bad experiences had by his brother-in-law and a friend on sea trips). Eventually, the three decide on a boating holiday, up the River Thames, from Kingston upon Thames to Oxford, during which theyll camp, notwithstanding Jeromes anecdotes regarding previous experiences with tents and camping stoves. They embark the following Saturday. George must go to work that morning (George goes to sleep at a bank from ten to four each day, except Saturdays, when they wake him up and put him outside at two) so Jerome and Harris make their way to Kingston by train. They are unable to find the correct train at Waterloo Station so they bribe a train driver to take his train to Kingston, where they collect their hired boat and start their journey. They meet George later, up-river at Weybridge. The remainder of the story relates their river journey and the incidents that occur. The book s original purpose as a guidebook is apparent as the narrator describes the passing landmarks and villages such as Hampton Court Palace, Hampton Church, Monkey Island, Magna Carta Island and Marlow, and muses upon historical associations of these places. However, he frequently digresses into funny anecdotes that range from the unreliability of barometers for weather forecasting to the difficulties that may be encountered when learning to play the Scottish bagpipe. The most frequent topics are river pastimes such as fishing and boating and the difficulties they present to the inexperienced and unwary. Character Sketches George- George is one of the two friends of the author and is a bank clerk by profession. He is an incredibly lazy and sluggish person and according to the author, George is very much able to take a nap at anytime, anywhere. He is not among the brightest of people and even his friends tend to think so. They are really taken for by surprise when George makes the sensible suggestion of taking the river trip. He always tries to grab an opportunity ofnot doing a particular work which shows his reluctance to work and determination to escape out of it. Harris- Harris is a vain fellow who pretends to be extremely hard working but usually pushes off the burden on other people. He is outspoken and does not hesitate to tell his friends what he thinks about them even if it may not be pleasant. For instance he outwardly tells George that his new blazer is utterly revolting and that he must not wear it around them (Harris and Jim). When Harris takes on a job he makes a huge fuss out of it like the narrator’s uncle Podger. It may not be anything majorly important but if Harris is going to do it; the world is surely going to know about it. He also thinks very highly of himself and his voice though his friends do not want him to even attempt singing. He is extremely fascinated by tombs and graveyards much to the author’s amazement and dislike. He is also quite short tempered and it is best to let him rant off his anger rather than try and talk to him about it. He would not mind a drink at any time of the day and enjoys the company of his friends. Jerome- Jerome is the narrator of the book. He is a young, single middle-class man living in London. He is fond of history and literature and spends much of his time daydreaming about the days when knights roamed the countryside of England. This daydreaming sometimes gets him into trouble when he does not pay suitable attention to what he is doing. Jerome, like his two friends on the boat trip, is a little vain and conceited, but he realizes it and pokes gentle fun at himself, his friends, and the habits of others like them through his anecdotes, where he and his friends are often the butt of ego-skewering jokes. Jerome has always been fond of boats, but prefers the old fashioned. The author (Jerome) quite often becomes philosophical and the draws comparisons between their journey and the journey of our life. Therefore we can conclude that he even has a romantic and poetic nature. Montmorency- Montmorency is the author’s dog that accompanied by him, George and Harris in their river trip. Montmorency looked like an angel sent to Earth in the form of a small Fox Terrier. He had a gentle noble expression which brought tears to the eyes of elderly folk. When Montmorency first arrived, the author thought that he would not live long. But, he soon changed his opinion about Montmorency when his true nature was exposed. The author had to pay for chickens Montmorency had killed and had to drag him out of hundreds of street fights. Once Montmorency killed the neighbours’ cat and on one occasion he had kept a man stuck in his own tool shed for about two hours. The authors gardener made money by betting on Montmorencys rat-killing skills. He liked to roam around and fight with dogs of a similar disreputable nature. Therefore, he enjoyed places like inns and pubs but not places such as damp boats and scenic places.

Rolls Royces Strategic And Business Management Management Essay

Rolls Royces Strategic And Business Management Management Essay Rolls-Royce is founded in 1906 by Frederick Henry Royce and Charles Stewart Rolls (Pugh, Peter, 2001).Headquartered in London. As a diversified company, Rolls-Royce operates in four global markets namely civil aerospace, defense aerospace, marine and energy-in each of which it is among the worlds top three competitors. The company has manufacturing sites or service centers located in 50 countries around the world. Rolls-Royce produces both commercial and military engines civil and defense aerospace business for a broad customer base, including more than 650 airlines, 4,000 corporate and utility aircraft and helicopter operators, and 160 armed forces around the world. Rolls-Royce also supplies power generation systems to the oil and gas industry and is one of the worlds largest makers of marine propulsion systems. It maintains key operations in North America, Europe, and Asia, with emerging presence in the Middle East (Nancy Daniels, 2001). Rolls-Royces revenue for the year 2009 was  ¿Ã‚ ¡10,414 million, definitely higher than the figure for 2008, which is  ¿Ã‚ ¡9,082 million. In 2009, 44% of Rolls-Royces revenue came from civil aerospace, while defense aerospace, marine and energy each accounted for 20%, 26%, 10% (Rolls-Royce, 2009). 2. Analysis of the Current Business Environment Affecting the Industry 2.1 Macro-Environmental Analysis The PESTLE analysis (appendix A) details the main macro-environmental trends affecting the aviation industry. Of these, the economic crisis is the most pressing current issue but in the longer term, technological advancements remain central to the industrys progression. More international cultural exchange will accelerate the development of aviation industry, and the growth in developing countries needs more energy and a range of products serviced by Rolls-Royce. 2.2 Micro-Environmental Analysis Porters Five Forces analysis (appendix B) indicates that the threat of substitution in the aviation industry is fairly low. Limited to the technologies and standards, the airline company can only get the suitable parts from the original corporation which supplied the products. Threat of entry is quite low because the aviation industry needs the latest scientific and technological achievements and long-term technology accumulation as well as a lot of money and human resources, so the potential competitors are hard to entry. Suppliers are hard to influence the aviation industry, for the reason that big corporations such as General Electric (GE) and Rolls-Royce possess the key technologies, while the suppliers are so many that can be easily replaced. The power of buyers has increased somewhat due to ease of switching, transparency of costs. But they dont have many choices but only three. Overall, competitive rivalry within the aviation industry is very high due to the presence of General Electric (GE) and Pratt Whitney (PW), rapid technological change and intense products and services competition. 2.3 Main Opportunities and Threats The main opportunity is the increasing business in the jet aircraft market and growing aerospace and defense market as well as Rolls-Royces Strategic alliances and investments. The most prominent threat currently faced by the industry is the economic crisis. Based on a survey of randomly selected flight departments about their expected use and purchase plans over the next five years, market forecasters believe Europe will remain a major source of demand for business aircraft, and orders will reach record levels in the next five years. While most of Europe entered recession about a year later than the America, European orders are expected to recover once economic growth resumes (Ian Goold, 2010). The challenge of climate change will present a range of exciting opportunities for Rolls-Royce. Many customers will potentially consider investing in new technology earlier in order to minimize emissions. Equally there is likely to be a lot of interest in future low carbon technologies as well as alternative energy sources (Rolls-Royce, 2009). And as manufacturing employment has declined in Britain, there has been less reason for the best and brightest to study the subjects that manufacturing demands. Rolls-Royce executives say that the pool of experienced engineers, process managers and skilled workers from which the company can recruit is shrinking (The Economist, 2009). Any company engaged in global business should be aware of the risks of currency fluctuations. In such an economic environment, the exchange rate fluctuations can affect Rolls-Royces earnings and value. They are fully exposed to what is known as an exchange risk. 3. Analysis of Rolls-Royces Strategic Capabilities 3.1 How the various market trends have affected Rolls-Royce plc And after 1987 the various market trends are as following: Rolls-Royce was rescued by being nationalised by a Conservative government when the firm reached its nadir in 1971. Margaret Thatcher privatised it in 1987, when Rolls-Royces engines were then used by only a handful of airlines. There was a trend that the engine market would be dominated by GE and Pratt Whitney. After that, the core of the firms strategy had been to increase the number of its engines powering the worlds civil jets. There was a trend that defence spending would be reduced after 1987, which was the edge of the end of cold war. Growth in civil business was doubly important because Rolls-Royce was badly hit by the fall of the Soviet Union-at which time defence accounted for 60% of its revenues (The Economist, 2005). Government began to reduce defence spending, thus Rolls-Royce got less orders from the military. Worse for the firm, British Airways, which was Rolls-Royces old customer, equipped its new Boeing 777 wide-body planes with GE engines (The Economist, 2005). From then on, Rolls-Royce tried its best to get its engines on the wings of big airlines around the world. The British government used to be Rolls-Royces biggest customer, buying its jet engines for Royal Air Force planes and its nuclear power plants for Royal Navy submarines. But nowadays America (the biggest defense market by far) is its biggest defense customer, using its jet engines on todays jump-jet aircraft and planning to do so on the Lockheed Martin F-35 fighter, which promises to be the subject of the biggest contract in military history (The Economist, 2005). Nowadays America and British are facing the threat of international terrorist organizations, so the market is still promising. With the development of the worlds emerging economies, the world needs ever more tankers to transport oil and gas over long distances, and demand is growing for economical but high-power marine gas turbines to drive them, in place of the diesel-electric hybrid motors that have dominated until now. 3.2 Rolls-Royces development strategies According to these various market trends, Rolls-Royce increased the number of its engines to civil jet, and bought copper in order to push oil and gas along pipelines. In order to expand American market share, Rolls-Royce bought Allison. With over 80 per cent  of global commercial shipbuilding taking place in Asia, Rolls-Royce recently relocated its global headquarters for the Marine business to Singapore, bringing the Group closer to the customer base. The company had already placed its Global Headquarters for Marine Services and the regional headquarters for the Commercial Marine business covering Asia, the Middle East, India and Australia in Singapore. The operations also house one of Rolls-Royces global repairs and overhaul service centers. Rolls-Royce stands out as well for being the only company to offer an expanded OEM warranty (Rolls-Royce, 2009). As the expansion of the new markets and the use of new engine, Rolls-Royce has sold more services together with their products. Ansoff: product/ market matrix Product Current new Current penetration product development Market New market development diversification The theory of the Ansoffs: Product penetration refers to current product for current market. Aircraft engines Automation and control equipment Diesel and gas turbine engines Electric propulsion systems Engine support services Fuel cells Generators Offshore drilling equipment Overhaul and repair services Technical publications Training (Hoovers, Inc., 2009) Product development -it means new product for current market. Diesel and gas turbine engines; providing a better service Market development it means current product for new market. Marine motors ¼Ã…’Fuel cells ¼Ã…’Engine support services; Expanding American market share Diversification-It means new products for new market. Such as jet engines 3.3 How the main competitive advantage have been built up Competitive advantage refers to condition which enables a company to operate in a more efficient or otherwise higher-quality manner than the companies it competes with, and which results in benefits accruing to that company. After 1987 Rolls-Royce focused on four sectors which are civil, military, and marine as well as energy, and the firm continued its expenditure on investment and RD, it provides new products and new technologies. Rolls-Royces competitive advantage mainly focuses on core markets and core technology. We can see that, for the past decades years, the core strategy of the company has been to focuses on the four chosen markets namely civil aerospace, defense aerospace, marine and energy, now each of them are the top three in the world. Meanwhile, Rolls-Royce has increased the number of its engines powering the worlds civil jets, and the whole firm mainly makes all kind of engines, which accounts the majority of their revenue.   3.4 Evaluate the companys use of acquisitions Acquisitions means acquiring control of a corporation, called a target, by stock purchase or exchange, either hostile or friendly, also called takeover. After 1987 Rolls-Royce had several acquisitions as a method of strategic growth as following: (1) In 1996 Rolls-Royce bought Allison, its an American maker of small jet engines, mostly for corporate jets. This gave Rolls-Royce a significant presence in America-essential for any firm seeking to increase sales to the Pentagon (The Economist, 2005). From then on, American gradually  replaced Britain as Rolls-Royces largest market.   (2) In 1999 the company bought Vickers, a struggling arms-and-marine business. This acquisition took Rolls-Royce into the business of marine propulsion systems for warships. (3)In the same year Rolls-Royce bought Coopers, another specialist company, as the short cut in compressors with gas turbines in order to push oil and gas, which was very good for Rolls-Royces energy business. 3.5 Main Strengths and Weaknesses Rolls-Royces main weakness is they have to employ a lot of employee, which is very common in the manufacturing industry. It means Rolls-Royce has to pay a lot benefit for the retail employee. And sometimes, the orders may not be implemented well in such a big group corporation. There is another issue that Rolls-Royce has to focus on, that is, the increasing inventory which is caused by the unexpected order or demand. This will increase the companys operating costs. Rolls-Royces main strength is they are a leading integrated power systems company operating in the civil and defense aerospace, marine and energy markets. They have built their golden quality of their band, and they have regular partners and customers, for whom they will provide sustainable products and services. Furthermore, Rolls-Royce is a global corporation, so their business has a diversified geographic spread, which can be a source of guaranteed profit. Also they have a strong and trustful leadership to guarantee the right direction the corporation goes. Evaluation of Rolls-Royces Recent Strategies Rolls-Royces recent strategy is based on five key elements: 4.1 Address four global markets Rolls-Royce should focuses on the four core businesses, civil aerospace, defense aerospace, marine and energy, which are the most four profitable markets to the corporation. And there are still a lot to be done in order to develop the international market. As we know, Europe and the American market accounted for the majority of revenue, thus Asia and African are two emerging markets to emphasize. In some developing countries, Rolls-Royce will benefit from the preferential policies and cheap labor force. 4.2 Invest in technology, infrastructure and capability Rolls-Royce needs to invest more in RD to develop more innovative, environment-friendly products in order for it to keep the possession of advanced technologies and to offer better services. Meanwhile, with the development of the global market, it is necessary to invest more on the infrastructure to offer better services and attract more customers. 4.3 Develop a competitive portfolio of products and services As mentioned above, a competitive portfolio of products and services can consolidate existing markets and explore new markets. 4.4 Grow market share and installed product base Across the group, the installed base of engines in service is expected to generate attractive returns over many years (Rolls-Royce, 2009). 4.5 Add value for the customers through the provision of product-related services. Rolls-Royce should seek to add value for their customers with aftermarket services that will enhance the performance and reliability of their products (Rolls-Royce, 2009). 4.6 Others Manufacturing industry need a lot employee to make products, so Rolls-Royce could move the manufacturing centers to countries with low labor costs, which can greatly cut the cost. 4.7 Key Competitors GE Aviation and Pratt Whitney are Rolls-Royces top competitors. General Electric (GE) enjoys a very strong position in the wide body market, with the CF6 and GE90 engines powering about 40% of aircraft in the class. Pratt Whitney (PW) and Rolls-Royce each have about a 30% market share with the JT9D/PW4000 and the RB211/Trent series, respectively (Aircraft Economics, 2004/2005). To date, the most fuel efficient single-aisle jet engine belongs to Pratt Whitney, a considerably smaller player. The company unveiled its PW1000G geared turbofan in 2008 after a decade of development and promised it would reduce fuel burn by some 12% to 15% compared to todays engines (WSN Staff, 2010). In other business areas, there are some Rolls-Royces competitors not as big as GE and Pratt Whitney, such as SAFRAN, Emerson Electric, GE Honda Aero Engines, Honeywell Aerospace, IHI Corp, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, McDermott, Siemens AG, and Volvo. 5. Evaluation of Rolls-Royces leadership Sir John Rose took over as CEO in 1996. Rolls-Royces CEOs used to have an engineering background until Sir John Rose. He likes the intensely challenging job in Rolls-Royce which has something to do with His adventurous lifestyle, I guess. His leadership is critical to Rolls-Royces success. Rose insisted on continuing to invest substantially in the Trent engine series and it proved to be very important. Under Roses direction, the second largest business of Rolls-Royce, marine propulsion also has fared very well over the past years (Heller, Richard, 2005). Sir John Rose attaches importance to the after-sales business. And it makes sense, because engine services and sales of spare parts to replace worn components make up more than 50 percent of turnover. All in all, Rolls Royces leadership is smart, mature ¼Ã…’dynamic, aggressive and trustworthy. 6. Conclusion Rolls-Royce, the global leader in power systems and services for air, land and sea, will focus on both the importance of services for its civil and defense aerospace markets and its newest programs for these markets, mainly on the global market. In civil and military business, they can also through acquisition of developing countrys jet industry to expand market segment. Therefore there are tremendous opportunities for future business in expanding consumer markets, such as China and India. After setbacks in the exploration, the corporation has achieved a positive development under the leadership of Sir John Rose.

John Proctor Was Never Defeated English Literature Essay

John Proctor Was Never Defeated English Literature Essay Ernest Hemingway says, Man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed but not defeated (http://www.englishforums.com). In Arthur Millers play The Crucible, the court cannot defeat John Proctor. Although they take his life, they cant take his pride. John Proctor is a well-respected husband and citizen, but everything takes a turn in Proctors life when he commits a secret sin with Abigail Williams. His hamartia, or affair with Abigail, leads to his downfall. Proctor is seen as a tragic hero because he is well respected in Salem, he possesses a flaw, and he finds a way to overcome his flaw. As the trials begin in Salem, Proctor realizes he can put a stop to them. In fear of ruining his name and reputation, he keeps his adultery with Abigail to himself. His tragic flaw, or pride in his name, underscores his inability to let go. He makes an effort to bring down Abigail, but when he fails, Proctor reveals the sin he committed with Abigail publicly. The storys peripeteia comes when Proc tor is arrested. Proctor changes, realizing that the witch trials are his fault. In the last act, Proctor has a chance to confess that he is a witch in order to live. Instead, Proctor chooses to refuse the confession in hopes of saving his name. This is Proctors biggest turning point of the play. His catharsis is achieved because he dies being freed from his earlier sins. A proud and respected man, John Proctor possesses a flaw that changes him throughout the course of the story, but it is Johns ability to overcome his flaw that distinguishes him as the tragic hero of The Crucible. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, John Proctor is viewed as a highly appreciated individual. Proctors high authority, influence in the town, and good deeds demonstrate his respected position in society. Arthur Miller describes John Proctor as a farmer in his middle thirties who is respected and feared in Salem(19). He is respected and feared because of his large amount of land. When Proctor speaks to Mr. Putnam and Giles Corey in the beginning of Act I, Proctor asks Giles to help him carry the lumber to his home. When Mr. Putnam asks what lumber he is speaking of, Proctor says, My lumber. From out my forest by the riversideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I bought that tract from Good Nurses husband five months ago(30). Proctors wealth and position in society is proven when he describes his land to be a forest. It exemplifies his respect in the town, because, in the time of the Salem witch trials, a person with a large amount of land is regarded as a man with a high status in town. Proctors high opi nion is also shown through his influence on Salem. In Act IV Reverend Parris expresses his fear towards the riot that is occurring in Andover and heading towards Salem. In the midst of his terror, Parris realizes the influence that John Proctor has in the town. He says, John Proctor is not Isaac Ward that drank his family to ruin. I would to God it were not so, Excellency, but these people have great weight yet in town(118). Parris explains how Proctors influence in Salem is so immense that Proctors death would cause Salem to collapse. Parris suggests that if Proctor is hanged, people will start a rebellion in Salem. The people of high authority act as a basis in Salem, and their death would only cause more confusion. With this confusion the villagers will riot and overthrow the court. Proctors respect and influence is a result of his good deeds shown in Salem. As Hale is questioning Proctor, Proctor describes his kindness with a good deed he committed. He states, I nailed the roof upon the church, I hung the door-(62). This small deed shows that Proctor cares about the community, and not only himself. Proctor is respected by the townspeople because of his charitable actions in Salem. Although Proctor illustrates the characteristics of a well-rounded individual, his tragic flaw prevents him from forgetting his adultery with Abigail. Throughout The Crucible John Proctors flaw is portrayed when his reputation is jeopardized. Proctors flaw is first shown on page 52 when he is speaking to Elizabeth about the conversation he had alone with Abigail. Elizabeth believes that Proctors feelings for Abigail prevent him from going to the court and proving that the court is a fraud. Proctor then judges Elizabeth stating that she will not forget about the incident that happened with Abigail. Elizabeth responds by saying, The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. I never thought you but a good man Johnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (52). Elizabeth introduces Johns flaw. His pride in his name is restricting him from entering the court and proclaiming that the court is corrupt. If it means he would have to confess about his adultery with Abigail and ruin his reputation, then he would not do it. As Reverend Hale is questioning the Proctors, he asks them if they believe in witches. When Hale asks if Elizabeth believes in the Gospel, Pro ctor says, She do not mean to doubt the Gospel, sir, you cannot think it. This be a Christian house, sir, a Christian house (66). Proctor tries to save his name by saying that Elizabeth believes in the Gospel. He is afraid that Hale will get the wrong impression from Elizabeth. This will put a mark on their familys name. Proctors pride in his name causes him to answer Hale and turn away any suspicion that Hale has against the Proctors. Reverend Hale shows another example of Proctors flaw. While Hale convinces Elizabeth to talk Proctor into confessing, he tells Elizabeth that Proctors life is worth more than his pride. He says, Life, woman, life is Gods most precious gift; no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Let him give his lieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [F]or it may well be God damns a liar less than he that throws away his life for pride (122). Hale explicitly points out Proctors flaw. He proves that Proctor is viewed as a prideful man, and Hale belie ves that Proctor is ruining his life for the goodness of his name. Hale believes that life is more important than ones reputation. Proctor, however, is more inclined towards his reputation than his life. On page 133 Proctor throws his life away to keep his name and save the lives of those that were accused. After signing the testimony that claims his witchery, Proctor asks that it remain private. When Danforth disagrees Proctor snatches the paper and says, Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name (133). Proctors flaw once again leads to his downfall. His pride in his name for both his family and people of Salem lead to his hanging; however, Proctor reaches a self-realization and discovers a way to overcome his flaw. As the play comes to an end, Proctor shows his ability to surpass his tragic flaw and distinguish himself as a tragic hero. Proctors first moment of self-realization appears on pages 72 to 73. When Elizabeth is being arrested, Proctor realizes that the witch trials are his fault. He understands that Abigail wants to destroy Elizabeth in hopes of getting back in bed with him. Proctor rips the warrant of Elizabeths arrest and says, Ill tell you whats walking Salem-vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom and common vengeance writes the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Ill not give my wife to vengeance (73). John blames Abigail by saying that vengeance is walking Salem. Abigail is the vengeance. Proctor realizes that his pride has put others in danger. Because of the danger he has put on others, he decides to act against the court. Another moment of self-realization occurs when John publicly announces his adul tery with Abigail. He declares Abigail a whore and states that she must be stopped. He says, Excellency, forgive me, forgive me. She thinks to dance with me on my wifes grave! And well she might for I thought of her softly. God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whores vengeance and you must see it (102). Proctor realizes that Abigail continues to gain power in the court. When all else fails, Proctor confesses to his adultery with Abigail. He destroys his reputation, not for his own sake, but for the sake of others. Proctors last lines show his final self-realization. Before his death, Proctor is able to overcome his flaw. He snatches the paper that includes his confession and crumples it. He says, You have made your magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs (133). Although Proctor has a chance of living, he understands that the rest of hi s life would continue as a lie. By denying that the confession be nailed to the church door, Proctor gives his life up in place of his name. He understands the importance of his name, but he sentences himself for the sake of others. By sacrificing himself, Proctor is able to achieve peace and to free himself of his past sins. Ultimately, John Proctor was never defeated. He died a man of strength and power to his name. Although his soul was taken, his legacy remained. Through all of Proctors struggles he was able to retain his name and die in peace. In the beginning of the play, Proctor is a dishonest character trying to rid himself of his past, but his self-pride makes it difficult for him to let things go. However, as the play comes to an end, Proctor realizes the evil in the witch trials, and he dies with a renewed goodness. John Proctor is seen as the protagonist of this tragedy because he demonstrates the characteristics of a typical tragic hero. Well respected in Salem, Proctor shows good traits of a common man. Eventually, Proctors hamartia and tragic flaw lead to his death. However, Proctor also undergoes a moment of self-realization. Proctor reaches his catharsis in the last few pages of the play when he realizes the goodness in what he has accomplished. Proctor decides to surrender himself to dea th, rather than live a life of lies. He realizes that a public confession will offend the accused that have risked their lives for their reputation. Although Proctors tragic flaw leads to his death, Arthur Miller ultimately concludes Proctor as a man who pertains to goodness rather than guilt.

Absinthe Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Absinthe Since its introduction to the drinking community, absinthe has the most compelling history of any liqueur. The drink, nicknamed the green fairy, gained popularity in the artistic social circle. Among its devotees were Pablo Picasso, Oscar Wilde, Ernest Dowson, Edgar Allen Poe, Verlaine, and Vincent Van Gough. As time continued, absinthe soared in popularity, reaching the everyday, working-class man. By 1910, French refiners produced thirty-six million liters of absinthe a year (Kiffel). As the drink became increasingly popular, questions concerning the safety of the drink arose leading to bans by almost every European nation between the years 1912 and 1915. While its reign was short, absinthe signified early twentieth century counterculture, leading people to refer to it as â€Å"the drink of Parisian abandon† (Walsh). Absinthe’s two main components were alcohol and thujone, a substance similar to THC. It was made out of a combination of aniseed, fennel, hyssop, and lemonbalm along with lesser amounts of angelica, star anise, dittany, juniper, nutmeg, and veronica (Baggot). These ingredients were mixed with wormwood plants and water. The mixture was then distilled. Dried herbs, including more wormwood, were added to the distillate, which was then diluted with alcohol to give it a concentration of seventy-five percent alcohol by volume (Walsh). If done correctly, the finished product had a mild green color and an extremely bitter taste. In 1792, Pierre Ordinaire concocted absinthe as a cure-all. The potion remained in relative obscurity until Major Dubied bought the rites to the elixir. Within ten years, he established the Perrod-Fils absinthe company. In 1844, the French military purchased an immense ... ...nd a threat to European culture. Starting with Sweden in 1912, absinthe was banned from almost every nation, ending with France in 1915. Works Cited Walsh, Don. â€Å"Absinthe & Thujone†. www.chem.ox.ac.uk/mom/absinthe/absinthe.html. This source provided information about the chemical makeup of absinthe. It also talked about the reasons for its ban and the possible health effects of the drink. Kiffel, James. â€Å"Absinthe†. www.sepulchritude.com/chapelperilous/absinthe.html. (1997). This source provided a good historical view of the drink and its relation to the times in which it was popular. Baggot, Mathew. â€Å"Facts about Absinthe.† www.sepulchritude.com/chapelperilous/absinthe/absinthe-faq.html. (1943). This source provided general information about absinthe such as its main components, the way it was drunk, and its relation to other alcoholic drinks.

self mutilation Essay -- essays research papers

Main Entry: self–mu†¢ti†¢la†¢tion Pronunciation: -"myà ¼t-&-'lA-sh&n Function: noun : injury or disfigurement of oneself Psychological characteristics of self-injurers Hate themselves, feel inadequate Tend to suppress rage Are usually angry , most of the time at themselves Are very sensitive to rejection Have aggressive feelings which usually get turned inward Are anxious and irritable Tend to be depressed suicidal and self destructive Are bad at controlling impulses, and do things for how they feel at the time Tend not to plan for the future, and do not put effort into excelling at work or school Tend to be avoidant Feel as if they have no control 97% are women 57% overdose on drugs along with the injuring Self mutilation is a subject that we are all aware of, but don’t usually try to learn more about. When you think of self mutilation you think of cutters and suicide attempts right? Well that is right to some extent; Yes Cutting is the most common self injuring method , but other severe forms of self mutation include†¦burning , self hitting , interference with wound healing hai...

Child Psychology

A Child Psychologist generally specializes in understanding, preventing, diagnosing and treating emotional or behavior problems in children. A Child Psychologist evaluates and treats emotional or learning disorders in children. This work can be done in a private, clinical, or public sector and counseling practice or in school and other learning environments. They are engaged in the study of the psychological processes of children and adolescents, particularly, how they are different from adults in their psychological development.Many Child Psychologists specialize in abuse counseling, learning development, speech disorders or general practice. Child Psychologist Educational Requirements Anyone wishing to practice as a Child Psychologist should check the requirement for certification and licensing in their state. In most states, an Ed. S. in School Psychology or School Counseling is needed to work in a school. Most Child Psychologists earn a Doctor of Psychology or a Ph. D. in Child P sychology.These degrees equip individuals with the skills necessary to meet minimum certification requirements, including a thesis and graduate study. A 1-year internship is necessary for anyone looking to practice in a clinical setting, counseling or school psychology. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/Child_Psychologist_Job_Duties_Employment_Outlook_and_Educati onal_Requirements. html) Personal Qualities And Abilities Needed To become a Psychologist you will need to be:Patient, Caring, Good Listener, Good Communication Skills, Good Presentation Skills, Know Knowledge In A Scientific Way, Hard Working, Understanding, Polite, and Helpful. Working Conditions And Possible Places Of Employment About 34 percent of psychologists are self-employed, mainly as private practitioners and independent consultants. Employment growth will vary by specialty; for example, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists will have 11 percent growth; industrial-organizational psychologists, 26 perc ent growth; and 14 percent growth is expected for all other psychologists.Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is highly competitive. Job opportunities should be the best for those with a doctoral degree in a subfield, such as health; those with a master’s degree will have good prospects in industrial-organization; bachelor’s degree holders will have limited prospects. (http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm) Advancement Opportunities Psychologist can start out from being in school to becoming an intern. Then from an employee to earning a raise.Then from an employer to opening a private practice. Wages And Benefits Psychologist Benefits: High Annual Salary Psychologists in clinical, counseling or school-related roles make an average of $70,190 a year, reports the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www. bls. gov. Furthermore, industrial-organizational Psychologists, who are often employed as consultants by businesses, can earn six-figure incomes as they gain experie nce. Additionally, school psychologists can make over $40,000 in their first year, reports Payscale. com.Clinical Psychologists in private practice can set their hourly fees as high as market demand allows. Psychologist Benefits: Knowledge of Human Nature In order to be successful in their jobs, Psychologists must have a keen understanding of human nature. During school, they are taught many different theories of human behavior as well as various therapeutic techniques. Psychologists can informally apply their training to events that occur in everyday life to create more harmonious relationships with others. Psychologist Benefits: Flexible Work HoursPsychologists new to the field or those who work for schools, businesses and other organizations aren't usually able to set their own hours, but Psychologists in private practice can. They can determine when to set appointments with patients. Many Psychologists in private practice choose to work evenings, mornings or weekends, depending on personal preference. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/What_are_the_Benefits_of_Being_a_Psychologist. html) Median annual wages of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were $64,140 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $48,700 and $82,800. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,840. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were: Offices of other health practitioners| $68,400| Elementary and secondary schools| 65,710| State government| 63,710| Outpatient care centers| 59,130| Individual and family services| 57,440| Median annual wages of wage and salary industrial-organizational psychologists were $77,010 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $54,100 and $115,720. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $149,120. Job Outlook For The Future The jo b outlook for Child Psychologist is pretty good for the future. There will still be people with issues and problems. As the population grows, there will be even more troubled people or people who seek marriage counseling. Address For Additional Information http://www. childpsychologist. com/ Child Psychology A Child Psychologist generally specializes in understanding, preventing, diagnosing and treating emotional or behavior problems in children. A Child Psychologist evaluates and treats emotional or learning disorders in children. This work can be done in a private, clinical, or public sector and counseling practice or in school and other learning environments. They are engaged in the study of the psychological processes of children and adolescents, particularly, how they are different from adults in their psychological development.Many Child Psychologists specialize in abuse counseling, learning development, speech disorders or general practice. Child Psychologist Educational Requirements Anyone wishing to practice as a Child Psychologist should check the requirement for certification and licensing in their state. In most states, an Ed. S. in School Psychology or School Counseling is needed to work in a school. Most Child Psychologists earn a Doctor of Psychology or a Ph. D. in Child P sychology.These degrees equip individuals with the skills necessary to meet minimum certification requirements, including a thesis and graduate study. A 1-year internship is necessary for anyone looking to practice in a clinical setting, counseling or school psychology. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/Child_Psychologist_Job_Duties_Employment_Outlook_and_Educati onal_Requirements. html) Personal Qualities And Abilities Needed To become a Psychologist you will need to be:Patient, Caring, Good Listener, Good Communication Skills, Good Presentation Skills, Know Knowledge In A Scientific Way, Hard Working, Understanding, Polite, and Helpful. Working Conditions And Possible Places Of Employment About 34 percent of psychologists are self-employed, mainly as private practitioners and independent consultants. Employment growth will vary by specialty; for example, clinical, counseling, and school psychologists will have 11 percent growth; industrial-organizational psychologists, 26 perc ent growth; and 14 percent growth is expected for all other psychologists.Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is highly competitive. Job opportunities should be the best for those with a doctoral degree in a subfield, such as health; those with a master’s degree will have good prospects in industrial-organization; bachelor’s degree holders will have limited prospects. (http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos056. htm) Advancement Opportunities Psychologist can start out from being in school to becoming an intern. Then from an employee to earning a raise.Then from an employer to opening a private practice. Wages And Benefits Psychologist Benefits: High Annual Salary Psychologists in clinical, counseling or school-related roles make an average of $70,190 a year, reports the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www. bls. gov. Furthermore, industrial-organizational Psychologists, who are often employed as consultants by businesses, can earn six-figure incomes as they gain experie nce. Additionally, school psychologists can make over $40,000 in their first year, reports Payscale. com.Clinical Psychologists in private practice can set their hourly fees as high as market demand allows. Psychologist Benefits: Knowledge of Human Nature In order to be successful in their jobs, Psychologists must have a keen understanding of human nature. During school, they are taught many different theories of human behavior as well as various therapeutic techniques. Psychologists can informally apply their training to events that occur in everyday life to create more harmonious relationships with others. Psychologist Benefits: Flexible Work HoursPsychologists new to the field or those who work for schools, businesses and other organizations aren't usually able to set their own hours, but Psychologists in private practice can. They can determine when to set appointments with patients. Many Psychologists in private practice choose to work evenings, mornings or weekends, depending on personal preference. (http://degreedirectory. org/articles/What_are_the_Benefits_of_Being_a_Psychologist. html) Median annual wages of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were $64,140 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $48,700 and $82,800. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $37,900, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,840. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were: Offices of other health practitioners| $68,400| Elementary and secondary schools| 65,710| State government| 63,710| Outpatient care centers| 59,130| Individual and family services| 57,440| Median annual wages of wage and salary industrial-organizational psychologists were $77,010 in May 2008.The middle 50 percent earned between $54,100 and $115,720. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,690, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $149,120. Job Outlook For The Future The jo b outlook for Child Psychologist is pretty good for the future. There will still be people with issues and problems. As the population grows, there will be even more troubled people or people who seek marriage counseling. Address For Additional Information http://www. childpsychologist. com/

Rhos-Y-Gwaliau Outdoor Education Center Essay

Hello, I’m here today to talk to you all about work experience. I can see a few anxious faces when I mention the words work experience, but I hope that my talk today will change that. Incase some of you are not exactly sure what work experience is, it’s a placement that you personally choose yourself, and than you will go there for a period of two weeks. I now it might seem a long time, two weeks but when you’re there time just flays, and it’ll be worth it. And if you’re lucky you might decide what you would like to do in the future from this experience, you never know!! Getting a placement is quite straight-forward you know. Well it does depend on were you’re thinking of going. You can either phone them, e-mail them or send them a letter. What I did was phone them because I believe this was the most affective way and this way you are also able to find out more necessary information. All I had to do after I phoned was go and visit my placement to get to know everyone and to get to know the building. The day before I started on my work experience I was very anxious, but at the same time I was looking forward. So don’t worry if you have similar feelings before you start your work experience because they’re just normal. The only advise I can give you is that you have an early night before you start your work experience so you’ll be rearing to go the next morning. Also on your first day you should make sure that you arrive at your placement right on time, so you make a good impression to your co-workers and employer. It’s also important that you have a reliable transport. I was very lucky with my transport because my mum passed my placement on the way to her work, and it was very convenient. I went to Rhos-Y-Gwaliau Outdoor Education Center for my two weeks. I was very anxious before I got there each morning because I had no idea what was in store for me. The whole experience wasn’t half as bad as I had predicted, I hope your outcome at the end of your work experience will be the same as well. Where I went on my work experience I didn’t really have a typical day. Each day I did something different, sailing, canoeing, canoeing, climbing, hill trails and gorge walks. I arrived at the center at 8am each morning, then I had to make sure that all the children that were in my group had packed all the necessary kit they needed for the day. The we would all gather in the canteen, and make our lunches ready for the busy day that we had planned in front of us. Then we would all set off in our individual group and head towards our activity location. I had so much fun from my experience at Rhos-Y-Gwaliau Outdoor Education Center, and I found out a lot about myself. I do hope that you will choose a suitable placement for yourself and gain a lot of experience and knowledge. I sure did, and this whole experience will always stay with me. I don’t have to tell you how much I enjoyed my work experience, because I’m sure you can imagine. There was nothing I really disliked about my work experience, well the hours were a bit long, because twice a week I had to be there from 8am till 9pm, which I believe was a very long shift, but that didn’t bring me down the slightest bit more enjoyable. The whole experience at Rhos-Y-Gwaliau Outdoor Education Center has definitely helped me choose what I would like to do in the future. This is an ideal work I would love to do when I’m older. I found out that I’m able to work with people from all ages and I truly enjoy working with children because you are able to see all the progress they have done and you’re able to see the amazement on the children’s faces when they achieve a new skill. When I help people I get a warm feeling in my heart. I wish you all the best for the future, and I hope that my talk today has reassured you all, and you have a better incline of what to expect when you’ll be starting work experience in couple of weeks time. And I truly do hope that you will have two fantastic weeks at your placements, and try your best to enjoy them. Thank-you for listening to my talk today, and I hope that I have helped some of you, and you now know a little bit more of what you’re in for. All the best to every single one of you. And thank-you for being such a good audience.

Cell Phone Use While driving Essay

While driving through the city you see many on their cell phones while driving. When on the road, or away from my loved ones we always want to make sure that we are in touch with them in case of an emergency. Many state that turning off your phone is key to being a safer driver. I disagree with that statement because your family needs you at any time of the day and that is why cell phone usage should be allowed while driving. Although some say that talking on the cell phone while driving is dangerous, i disagree because talking on the cell phone is just as dangerous as turning on the radio while driving, talking to the passenger, looking at the speed limit sign, eating food, or putting on makeup while driving. Nobody wants to be told when and when not to use their own cell phone, would if you could only use your car when you were told you were able to drive it. People will refuse to be told when and when not to use their cellphones, therefore there is no way to enforce this law. Some say that talking on the cell phone While driving is dangerous. â€Å"Talking on the cell phone makes you 1.3 times more likely to crash than if you were a non distracted driver.† This law should not pass because a driver that is under the influence, is far more dangerous than a driver who is talking on her cell phone, yes there are fatalities when people are on their phones. there was 3,000 deaths due to the use of cellphones while driving, compared to the 10,000 deaths that drunk driving has caused in one year! Every day in America, another 28 people die as a result of drunk driving crashes. (MADD.org) Almost every 90 seconds, a person is injured in a drunk driving crash. (MADD.org) Enforcing a bigger issue such as drunk driving is what we should be focusing on instead of talking while driving. I would have a far more concern driving next to a drunk driver other than somebody that is talking on the cell phone rather than somebody who is drunk. Some people need to learn how to call and drive, some are far better than others at talking while driving. maybe we should teach this in drivers ed classes, and teach people how to be safer while driving. â€Å"TSA’S 100 car study indicated that if a driver takes his or hers eyes off the road for more than two seconds the risk of them crashing is greatly increases the risks of crashing.† I disagree with this statement, because it may make you more likely to crash, but a lot of things distract you on the road such as the radio, food, makeup, people on the side of the road etc. Some say that driving didstracted is one of the most dangerous  things that you can do, but that is wrong in my opinion, being distracted can be dangerous but compared to drunk driving or driving under the influence, being distracted is a very sma ll problem, being distracted while driving is dangerous but in the world there are over double the fatalities as distracted driving has. We should focus more on drunk driving than distracted drivers. Also the intensity of the call matters, if you are talking on the phone and in an intense conversation you are twice as likely to crash the vehicle. But still drunk driving is a lot more dangerous than talking while driving. There are some variations to the texting/calling while driving law that many americans are trying to enforce today that are somewhat reasonable and somewhat not. â€Å" Turning your cell phone off and allowing calls to go to voicemail while you’re driving is key to safer driving† this quote states that you should keep your phone off at all times while driving. I disagree with the fact that i should be told when and when not i can use my phone. For example, would if it is an emergency call and it can not wait? All phone carriers (Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile etc.) need to have a drivers mode setting on their phone i think, the drivers mode would work like this, if a family member or a emerge ncy contact calls you more than once, the call will go through, but if they only call you once the call will be stopped. This is one great alternative to saving lives on the road without taking away the privilege of using your cell phone while driving. People in america will respond better to this new law instead of rebellious actions from the community. â€Å" Letting drivers know laws will be enforced has been devoloped to enforce drunk driving, speeding, seat belts etc.† Yes, i agree that trying to enforce the cell phone law will help prevent crashes, but how do you enforce this law, by talking to the phone carriers to put a drivers mode on every cell phone in America is the best way to enforce this rule. Sometimes you need to take important phone calls while you’re in the car, that is why this law should not be enforced, there are many times in the car when you do not need to take phone calls, surf the web, text your friends while driving. Doing this kind of stuff while driving is bad and dangerous that is why many phone companies should have the drivers mode setting on their phone devices. There are many fatalities every year and texting and driving is not the main thing we need to be focusing on.